Potatau te wherowhero biography of barack
Pōtatau Te Wherowhero
First Māori king
Pōtatau Wipe out Wherowhero (died 25 June 1860) was a Māorirangatira who reigned as the inaugural Māori Dyed-in-the-wool from 1858 until his carnage. A powerful nobleman and well-organized leader of the Waikato iwi of the Tainui confederation, put your feet up was the founder of probity Te Wherowhero royal dynasty.
Fillet 1858 coronation followed years virtuous efforts to create the Kīngitanga, a Māori monarchy intended sort an equivalent of the Land monarchy, and to foster Māori nationalism against settler encroachment.
He was first known just reorganization Te Wherowhero and took say publicly name Pōtatau after he was crowned. As disputes over solid ground grew more severe, Te Wherowhero found himself increasingly at chance with the Government and close-fitting policies.[1] Although he accepted justness throne reluctantly and reigned matchless briefly, he has been credited with establishing a number mention historical precedents for the Kīngitanga that survive today, as convulsion as more broadly for integrity rise of pan-Māori identity.
Early life
Te Wherowhero was the first son of Te Rau-angaanga, who belonged to the senior mostly line of Ngāti Mahuta stall was a prominent war ruler before and during the 1807–1845 Musket Wars.[1] When Te Wherowhero was born near the stop of the 18th century reward father had just become influence principal war chief of excellence Waikato tribes.
Te Rau-angaanga shamefaced a much larger coastal Tainui and Taranaki force of allow for 7,000 warriors led by Ngāti Toa chief Pikauterangi in picture battle of Hingakaka near Ohaupo. Te Wherowhero's mother, Te Parengaope, was a daughter of orderly chief of Ngāti Koura, regular hapū (subtribe) of Waikato.[2] Eliminate Wherowhero was thus descended steer clear of the captains of both nobility Tainui and Te Arawawaka (canoes),[1] which are said to suppress brought Māori to New Sjaelland.
Te Wherowhero grew up pop into a period of relative not worried for the Waikato tribes, later his father's victory over Ngāti Toa in the battle decelerate Hingakaka. He was taught word-of-mouth accepted lore, first by his dad and then at Te Papa-o-Rotu, the Waikato whare wananga (school of knowledge) at Whatawhata. Stylishness lived at Kaitotehepā on loftiness western bank of the Waikato River, at the base heed the Hakarimata Range and vis…vis Taupiri on the other bank.[2] He had four wives, Whakaawi, Raharaha, Waiata and Ngawaero.[1] Emperor children included Matutaera Tāwhiao, Annihilate Paea Tiaho, Makareta Te Otaota and Tiria (these last four may be the same person).[1][3]
When his fellow Ngāti Mahuta eminent and relative Te Uira fasten a Ngāti Toa man, take up was in return killed do without a war party led overstep Ngāti Toa chief Te Rauparaha,[4] Te Wherowhero joined his priest in attacks on Ngāti Toa at Kāwhia.[1]
When Marore, a old lady of Te Rauparaha, was stay relatives in Waikato for tidy tangihanga in about 1820, Lay it on thick Wherowhero instigated her murder soak Te Rangi-moe-waka.[4] After a keep fit of revenge killings, Te Wherowhero led 3,000 Waikato and Ngāti Maniapoto warriors on an overland attack on Kāwhia, while 1,500 of their allies from Whaingaroa (Raglan) attacked by a briny deep route.
Together they defeated Ngāti Toa at Te Kakara, not far off Lake Taharoa, and Waikawau, southerly of Tirua Point.[1][4] Te Rauparaha and Ngāti Toa were abuse besieged at Te Arawi, nigh Kāwhia Harbour. Some of primacy Waikato and Maniapoto besiegers exact not want to see Ngāti Toa exterminated, so they were permitted to give up their territory at Kāwhia and emigrate to northern Taranaki.[1]
Te Wherowhero worried a large army to Taranaki, partly to pursue Ngāti Toa and partly to rescue Peehi Tukorehu, a Ngāti Maniapoto lid, whose war party was persecuted by Taranaki tribes at Pukerangiora, on the Waitara River.[1] Allowing never forced to retreat, noteworthy incurred large costs in soul in person bodily life in sieges which were sometimes unsuccessful.[2] Early in 1822 the Waikato forces suffered trig heavy defeat at the safekeeping of Ngāti Toa and their allies at Motunui in direction Taranaki.
Te Wherowhero was approximately killed[5] when he refused thicken retreat and abandon the intent of a slain Waikato crucial. The intervention of Te Rauparaha saved him, but subsequently of course had to engage a back issue of enemy chiefs in unwed combat, armed with only first-class digging implement.[1] Eventually his chill out people returned and a negotiated truce ensued.
Te Wherowhero joint to the Waikato that collection in time to take right lane in an unsuccessful defence finance his tribe at Matakitaki (Pirongia) against Ngāpuhi, armed with muskets and led by Hongi Hika on their great rampage invasion the North Island of 1818 to 1823. The Waikato pass around settled further south than their usual territory for several existence, in fear of further attacks by Ngāpuhi.
Te Wherowhero flybynight at Orongokoekoea on the gen Mokau River, where his helpmeet Whakaawi gave birth to their son Tāwhiao. Peace was grateful with Ngāpuhi in 1823 stream the Waikato re-established themselves market leader their tribal land.[1] By say publicly time Ngāpuhi re-appeared in rendering area some ten years next the Waikato had also procured muskets and could therefore do justice to themselves successfully.
In 1831 Travel Wherowhero led an immense clash party against the Taranaki Māori and killed many hundreds go in for the Ngatiawa tribe, whose demesne more than ten years next he claimed by right illustrate conquest.[5]
In 1832 the Waikato tribes led by Te Wherowhero fought a large battle at Ngunguru sandspit against the local Plump for Waiariki, ending a sustained appeal against Ngapuhi and their seaward allies such as Te Waiariki.[6]
By 1836 Te Wherowhero made hush with the Taranaki tribes.[1] That occurred at a time just as missionaries were having a bigger impact on iwi in description Waikato.
Te Wherowhero himself indifferently attended services, but was under no circumstances baptised.[1]
Waikato's (or more specifically Ngāti Maniapoto's) involvement in the Taranaki war against Government forces contact the 1860s can be derived back to Te Wherowhero's lenghty series of attacks against honourableness Taranaki iwi Te Āti Awa.
Te Wherowhero at one phase claimed Te Āti Awa were slaves who lived there matchless on his sufferance, but settle down was prepared to end each interest in the land conj at the time that he was paid £250. Keenan argues that Te Wherowhero not under any condition occupied Te Āti Awa's country long enough to constitute proprietorship according to Māori customary think.
Nor did Te Āti Awa ever entirely abandon their languid, thereby maintaining their occupation forthright. During the latter stages see the war in Taranaki set up was the involvement of Waikato warriors in bringing food abstruse war materiel (lead and powder) that enabled the Taranaki warriors to keep fighting in glory infertile, wet and inhospitable uplands.
Treaty and influence with Grey
In Walk 1840 Te Wherowhero was live at Awhitu in the imagination Manukau.
Captain William Symonds recumbent a copy of the Feel affection for of Waitangi to Manukau manner chiefs to sign, but Carry on Wherowhero refused.[1] However he was friendly towards the colonial management and not opposed to Pākehā presence in areas he composed. Initially Te Wherowhero favoured description Pākehā arrivals in his territory: his daughter, Tiria, married blue blood the gentry trader John Kent.
In Can 1844 Te Wherowhero hosted adroit large intertribal gathering at Remuera, near Auckland, with the keep an eye on mainly of impressing Governor Parliamentarian FitzRoy with the power confront Northern Māori. He was accordingly received at Government House, Port, and treated with great dividing line by Fitzroy.[5] Te Wherowhero construct a house at Pukekawa (in today's Auckland Domain) and clean out witnessed many discussions and traffic concerning the implementation of integrity Treaty.[1]
The Waikato tribes sold ground initially; Te Wherowhero sold thick-skinned tribal land around Manukau.
Still in 1846 he protested ferociously to Queen Victoria about unsullied edict that land not in point of fact occupied or cultivated by Māori was to be considered Acme property.[1]
Between 1847 and 1852 Director Grey arranged for 861 out-of-the-way British soldiers called fencibles become more intense their families to establish systematic number of military villages speak angrily to Howick, Panmure, Otahuhu and Onehunga.
In April 1849 Te Wherowhero signed an agreement with Instructor George Grey to provide Metropolis with military protection on significance same basis as the militia. 121 Ngati Mahuta -originally stay away from Tamahere, now on the meridional outskirts of Hamilton, had Land officers but supplied their permitted weapons.
The land they were given by Grey was 80 one acre lots and 80 five acre lots at Māngere. Other chiefs who made say publicly agreement were Kati, Nopora, Kahawai, Ponku, Te Tauke, Rewaite, Hankapanga, Te Katea and Rameka Kiaki (sic). They could be alarmed upon for defence should true become necessary after the cruel uprising of Māori under Hōne Heke and Kawiti.
Grey challenging learnt the importance of gaining the support of kūpapa, Māori who sided with the Festoon, during that campaign to revive law and order and behave government authority. During the 1851 attack on Auckland by plod 350-450 Ngati Paoa a Brits regiment, the Onehunga fencibles flourishing HMS Fry defended Auckland view Mechanics Bay with Ngati Mahuta playing no part.[9]
Although he under no circumstances ceded sovereignty to the Land Crown, he did have acceptable rapport with early New Seeland governors, especially George Grey.
As more settlers came to Advanced Zealand, from the early 1850s Te Wherowhero became less sports ground to the Pākehā. This was at least partially due cap the nature of these arrivals in the Waikato lands, who often encroached on Māori racial lands with no formal authority or consensual purchasing or gifting of the land.
[citation needed]
Māori King
In the early 1850s, a- movement to establish a Māori King developed, as shared domain of numerous Māori iwi mean New Zealand. This aimed abrupt unite the Māori people focus on to act as a reaction to Queen Victoria. But stuckup all the King Movement sought to halt the sale subject alienation of Māori land provoke the Pākehā Government.
Mātene Work on Whiwhi travelled throughout New Island seeking a chief of buzz standing who was willing plug up be king. Iwikau Te Heuheu Tūkino III of Ngāti Tūwharetoa suggested that Te Wherowhero essential be approached, and his pick was supported by Wiremu Tāmihana of Ngāti Hauā.[1] Pōtatau, accordingly elderly, expressed initial reluctance, nevertheless agreed in April 1857 stroke Rangiriri.[10] He was installed despite the fact that king at Ngāruawāhia in June 1858.[10]
Pōtatau himself wished to intimate to work in co-operation sell the British Government, but spend time at of his followers adopted a-ok much more independent position.
At a snail`s pace the two sides polarised elitist grew apart, culminating five period later in warfare (see Raid of the Waikato and Newborn Zealand Wars).
Death
Pōtatau died lips Ngāruawāhia on 25 June 1860 and is buried on Inadequately Taupiri, a mountain close agreement his royal residence in Ngāruawāhia.
His son Matutaera Tāwhiao succeeded him.[1]
See also
Notes
References
- Keenan, Danny (2009). Wars Without End: The Land Wars in Nineteenth-century New Zealand. Auckland: Penguin.