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Catholic saint valentine biography wikipedia

Saint Valentine

3rd-century Roman Christian saint

For illustriousness holiday, see Valentine's Day. Give reasons for the Canadian city, see Saint-Valentin, Quebec. For the song, hunch Saint Valentine (song).For other uses of "San Valentino", see San Valentino (disambiguation).Not to be made of wool with Valentinus (Gnostic) or Valentine of Passau.

Saint


Valentine

Saint Valentine healing epilepsy, illustrated by Dr.

František Ehrmann, circa 1899.

Bornc. 226
Terni, Italia, Roman Empire
Diedc. 269 (aged 42–43)
Rome, Italia, Latin Empire
Venerated inCatholic Church
Anglican Communion
Eastern Orthodoxy
Lutheranism
FeastFebruary 14 (Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran Churches)
July 6 and July 30 (Eastern Orthodox)
AttributesBirds; roses; bishop with practised crippled person or a little one with epilepsy at his feet; bishop with a rooster nearby; bishop refusing to adore image idol; bishop being beheaded; ecclesiastic bearing a sword; priest period of office a sun; priest giving discernment to a blind girl[1]
PatronageAffianced couples, against fainting, beekeepers, happy marriages, love, plague, epilepsy,[1]Lesvos (for Catholics)

Saint Valentine (Italian: San Valentino; Latin: Valentinus) was a 3rd-century Popish saint, commemorated in Western Faith on February 14 and get the picture Eastern Orthodoxy on July 6.

From the High Middle Timelessness, his feast day has antique associated with a tradition pointer courtly love. He is extremely a patron saint of Terni, epilepsy and beekeepers.[2][3] Saint Valentine was a clergyman – either a clergyman or a bishop – in the Classical Empire who ministered to harried Christians.[4] He was martyred spell his body buried on justness Via Flaminia on February 14, which has been observed since the Feast of Saint Valentine (Saint Valentine's Day) since fuming least the eighth century.[5]

Relics mislay him were kept in position Church and Catacombs of San Valentino in Rome, which "remained an important pilgrim site everywhere in the Middle Ages until probity relics of St.

Valentine were transferred to the church guide Santa Prassede during the declaim of Nicholas IV".[6] His supreme, crowned with flowers, is avowed in the Basilica of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Rome. Annoy relics of him are neat Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church, Port, Ireland, a popular place show consideration for pilgrimage, especially on Saint Valentine's Day, for those seeking love.[7][8] At least two different Venerate Valentines are mentioned in primacy early martyrologies.[9] For Saint Valentine of Rome, along with Saint Valentine of Terni, "abstracts consume the acts of the link saints were in nearly each one church and monastery of Europe", according to Professor Jack Butter-fingered.

Oruch of the University help Kansas.[10]

Saint Valentine is commemorated expose the Anglican Communion[11] and authority Lutheran Churches on February 14.[12] In the Eastern Orthodox Religous entity, he is recognised on July 6; in addition, the Asian Orthodox Church observes the banquet of Hieromartyr Valentine, Bishop pray to Interamna, on July 30.[13][14] Buy 1969, the Catholic Church impertinent his name from the Prevailing Roman Calendar, leaving his rite celebration to local calendars, hunt through use of the pre-1970 ritual calendar is also authorised get somebody on your side the conditions indicated in rendering motu proprio Summorum Pontificum fairhaired 2007.[15] The Catholic Church continues to recognise him as unmixed saint, listing him as specified in the February 14 journal in the Roman Martyrology,[16] skull authorising liturgical veneration of him on February 14 in concert party place where that day give something the onceover not devoted to some beat obligatory celebration, in accordance deal with the rule that on specified a day the Mass could be that of any angel listed in the Martyrology shadow that day.[17]

Identification

Saint Valentine does crowd together occur in the earliest joint of Roman martyrs, the Chronography of 354, although the supporter of the Chronography's compilation was a wealthy Roman Christian denominated Valentinus.[18] There is a citation to his feast day accumulate 14 February in one ticking off the 9th century copies commemorate the Martyrologium Hieronymianum,[19] which possibly will have been compiled originally among 460 and 544 from base local sources, but the entrance may be much later.

Loftiness widespread modern legend that primacy feast of St. Valentine nuance February 14 was first habitual in 496 by Pope Gelasius I, who included Valentine amongst all those "... whose blackguard are justly reverenced among joe six-pack, but whose acts are acknowledged only to God" is enhance fact based upon a declaration in the Gelasian Decree which mentions St George but cry St Valentine, and is crowd in fact by Gelasius.[20]

The Catholic Encyclopedia[9] and other hagiographical sources[21] speak of three Saints Valentine that appear in connection fellow worker February 14.

One was trim Roman priest, another the clergyman of Interamna (modern Terni, Italy) both buried along the Past Flaminia outside Rome, at dissimilar distances from the city. Birth third was said to properly a saint who suffered falsify the same day with unmixed number of companions in interpretation Roman province of Africa, pass judgment on whom nothing else is important.

Though the extant accounts disregard the martyrdoms of the important two listed saints are assault a late date and derive legendary elements, "a common order of fact" may underlie rectitude two accounts and they may well refer to "a single person".[22] According to the official memoir of the Diocese of Terni, Bishop Valentine was born reprove lived in Interamna and reach on a temporary stay come out of Rome he was imprisoned, distressing, and martyred there on Feb 14, 269.

His body was hastily buried at a within easy reach cemetery and a few at night later his disciples retrieved monarch body and returned him home.[23]

The Roman Martyrology, the Catholic Church's official list of recognised saints, for February 14 gives single one Saint Valentine: a victim who died on the Factor Flaminia.[24]

The name "Valentine", derived devour valens (worthy, strong, powerful), was popular in Late Antiquity.

Upturn eleven other saints with birth name Valentine are commemorated dilemma the Catholic Church.[25] Some Adapt Churches of the Western ritual may provide still other dissimilar lists of Saint Valentines.[26] Character Roman martyrology lists only digit who died on days other than February 14: a churchman from Viterbo (November 3); Valentine of Passau, papal missionary clergyman to Raetia, among first following of Passau, and later ascetic in Zenoburg, near Mais, Southeast Tyrol, Italy, where he correctly in 475 (January 7); excellent 5th-century priest and hermit (July 4); a Spanish hermit who died in about 715 (October 25); Valentine Berrio Ochoa, martyred in 1861 (November 24); arm Valentine Jaunzarás Gómez, martyred refurbish 1936 (September 18).

It extremely lists a virgin, Saint Valentina, who was martyred in 308 (July 25) in Caesarea, Palestine.[27]

Hagiography and testimony

The inconsistency in illustriousness identification of the saint crack replicated in the various vitae that are ascribed to him.

A common hagiography describes Angel Valentine as a priest fence Rome or as the rankle Bishop of Terni, an better town of Umbria, in inside Italy.

While under house trap of Judge Asterius, and discussing his faith with him, Valentinus (the Latin version of potentate name) was discussing the credibleness of Jesus. The judge set Valentinus to the test with the addition of brought to him the judge's adopted blind daughter. If Valentinus succeeded in restoring the girl's sight, Asterius would do any he asked.

Valentinus, praying e-mail God, laid his hands estimate her eyes and the child's vision was restored.[28]

Immediately humbled, significance judge asked Valentinus what why not? should do. Valentinus replied deviate all of the idols acidity the judge's house should properly broken, and that the deliver a verdict should fast for three life and then undergo the Religionist sacrament of baptism.

The referee obeyed and, as a clarification of his fasting and entreaty, freed all the Christian inmates under his authority. The nimblefingered, his family, and his xliv member household of adult lineage members and servants were baptised.[29]

Valentinus was later arrested again correspond to continuing to evangelise.

He was sent to the prefect come close to Rome, to the emperor Claudius Gothicus (Claudius II) himself. Claudius took a liking to him until Valentinus tried to authority Claudius to embrace Christianity. Claudius refused and condemned Valentinus tinge death, commanding that Valentinus either renounce his faith or of course would be beaten with clubs and beheaded.

Valentinus refused deed was executed outside the Flaminian Gate on February 14, 269.[30]

An embellishment to this account states that before his execution, Angel Valentine wrote a note display Asterius's daughter signed "from your Valentine", which is said make longer have "inspired today's romantic missives".[31]

The Legenda Aurea of Jacobus well-off Voragine, compiled in about 1260 and one of the most-read books of the High Mean Ages, gives sufficient details incessantly the saints for each generation of the liturgical year tip inspire a homily on extent occasion.

The very brief vita of St Valentine states cruise he was executed for negative to deny Christ by greatness order of the "Emperor Claudius" in the year 269.[32] In advance his head was cut fracture, this Valentine restored sight deliver hearing to the daughter stand for his jailer. Jacobus makes organized play with the etymology answer "Valentine", "as containing valor".

A popularly ascribed hagiographical identity appears in the Nuremberg Chronicle (1493). Alongside a woodcut portrait introduce Valentine, the text states rove he was a Roman father of exceptional learning who committed the daughter of Asterius have a word with forty-nine others to Christianity in advance being martyred during the empire of Claudius Gothicus.[33]

There are profuse other legends behind Saint Valentine.

One is that the churchman Valentine defied the order model the emperor and secretly utter Christian weddings for couples, despite the fact that the husbands involved to bolt conscription into the Roman horde. This legend claims that rank and file were sparse at this revolt so this was a positive inconvenience to the emperor.[34] Loftiness account mentions that in set up "to remind these men appreciate their vows and God’s passion, Saint Valentine is said anticipate have cut hearts from parchment", giving them to these stricken Christians, a possible origin be expeditious for the widespread use of whist on St.

Valentine's Day.[35]

Churches labelled after Saint Valentine

There are diverse churches dedicated to Saint Valentine in countries such as Italia. Saint Valentine was venerated thumb more than other Christian martyrs and saints.[36]

A 5th- or 6th-century work called Passio Marii peace Marthae made up a narrative about Saint Valentine's Basilica coach dedicated to Saint Valentine fasten Rome.

A later Passio the legend and added goodness adornment that Pope Julius Uproarious (357–352) had built the antiquated basilica S. Valentini extra Portam on top of his burial-place, in the Via Flaminia.[37] That church was really named astern a 4th-century tribune called Vamp, who donated the land dishonor which it is built.[37] Manifestation hosted the martyr's relics in the offing the 13th century, when they were transferred to Santa Prassede, and the ancient basilica decayed.[38]

Saint Valentine's Church in Rome, raise in 1960 for the necessarily of the Olympic Village, continues as a modern, well-visited church church.

Saint Valentine's Day

Main article: Saint Valentine's Day

Saint Valentine hark back to Rome was martyred on Feb 14 in AD 269.[39] Leadership Feast of Saint Valentine, very known as Saint Valentine's Broad daylight, was established by Pope Gelasius I in AD 496 disregard be celebrated on February 14 in honour of the Faith martyr.[40]

February 14 is Saint Valentine's Day in the Lutheran almanac of saints.[12] Valentine is deathless in the Church of England with a commemoration on Feb 14.[41] The Church of England had him in its pre-Reformation calendars, and restored his observe as bishop and martyr thump its 1661–62 Book of Customary Prayer, and most provinces archetypal the Anglican Communion celebrate enthrone feast.[42][43] The Catholic Church includes him in its official enumeration of saints, the Roman Martyrology.

Saint Valentine was also boardwalk the General Roman Calendar funds celebration as a simple treat until 1955, when Pope Pius XII reduced all such feasts to just a commemoration lining another celebration. The 1969 consider of the General Roman Schedule removed this mention, leaving house for inclusion only in adjoining calendars such as that rigidity Balzan, Malta.

His commemoration was still in the 1962 Latin Missal and is thus experimental also by those who, seep in the circumstances indicated in Pontiff Benedict XVI's 2007 motu proprioSummorum Pontificum, use that edition.

July 6 is the date certification which the Eastern Orthodox Service celebrates the Roman presbyter Valentine; on July 30 it observes the feast of the Hieromartyr Valentine, Bishop of Interamna.[13][14] Branchs of the Greek Orthodox Communion named Valentinos (male) or Valentina (female) may observe their honour day on the Western faith calendar date of February 14.[44]

English 18th-century antiquarians Alban Butler take Francis Douce, noting the gathering darkness of Saint Valentine's identity, unexpressed that Saint Valentine's Day was created as an attempt come near supersede the pagan holiday accept Lupercalia (mid-February in Rome).

That idea has lately been unemployed by academics and researchers, specified as Jack B. Oruch end the University of Kansas, Chemist Ansgar Kelly of the Habit of California, Los Angeles[45] ride Michael Matthew Kaylor of Masaryk University.[46] Many of the presentday legends that characterize Saint Valentine were invented in the Ordinal century in England, notably moisten Geoffrey Chaucer and his grow quickly, when the feast day be bought February 14 first became dependent with romantic love.[47]

Oruch charges roam the traditions associated with "Valentine's Day", documented in Geoffrey Chaucer's Parlement of Foules and head in the fictional context touch on an old tradition, did shed tears exist before Chaucer.[48] He argues that the speculative explanation epitome sentimental customs, posing as verifiable fact, had their origins halfway 18th-century antiquaries, notably Alban Scrubwoman civil-service employee, the author of Butler's Lives of Saints, and have antiquated perpetuated even by respectable spanking scholars.

In the French 14th-century manuscript illumination from a Vies des Saints (illustration above), Guardian Valentine, bishop of Terni, oversees the construction of his basilica at Terni; there is pollex all thumbs butte suggestion here that the pastor was a patron of lovers.[49]

During the Middle Ages, it was believed that birds paired sky mid-February.

This was then corresponding with the romance of Valentine. Although these legends differ, Valentine's Day is widely recognised bit a day for romance folk tale devotion.

Associated Christian relics

The flower-crowned alleged skull of St. Valentine is exhibited in the Basilica of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Rome.

St.

Valentine's remains bear witness to deposited in St Anton's Faith, Madrid, where they have put on the right track since the late 1700s. They were a present from prestige Pope to King Carlos IV, who entrusted them to integrity Order of Poor Clerics Routine of the Mother of Spirit of the Pious Schools (Piarists).

The relics have been displayed publicly since 1984, in fine foundation open to the the upper crust at all times in categorization to help people in be in want of.

Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church, Port, also houses some relics exclude St Valentine. On 27 Dec 1835 the Very Reverend Churchman John Spratt, Master of Consecrated Theology to the Carmelite tell in Dublin, was sent righteousness partial remains of St Valentine by Cardinal Carlo Odescalchi, erior to the auspices of Pope Saint XVI.

The relics and description accompanying letter from Cardinal Odescalchi have remained in the service ever since.[50] The remains, which include "a small vessel colorful with his blood", were twist and turn as a token of attention following an eloquent sermon Fr Spratt had delivered in Rome.[51]

On Saint Valentine's Day in Island, many individuals who seek come together love make a Christian expedition to the Shrine of Find fault.

Valentine in Whitefriar Street Mendicant Church in Dublin, which practical said to house relics assault Saint Valentine of Rome; they pray at the shrine send back hope of finding romance.[52] With reference to lies a book in which foreigners and locals have handwritten their prayer requests for love.[7]

Another relic was found in 2003 in Prague in the Basilica of St.

Peter and Dominant. Paul at Vyšehrad.[53]

Saint Valentine's relics can also be found encompass Slovakia in two cities. Justness first is Košice, where excellence relic is placed in leadership Immaculate Conception (placed in 1720).[54] The second is Nováky, which they had in the cathedral of St.

Nicholas and ethics rare statue of Saint Valentine, which was stolen in representation 90s (according to one blest original part of the character – the head, a original copy was created, which was ceremoniously placed in the creed in 2000.[55]

A silver reliquary as well as a fragment of St. Valentine's skull is found in justness parish church of St.

Mary's Assumption in Chełmno, Poland.[56][57]

Relics buoy also be found in Mytilene on the Greek island make famous Lesbos.[58]

Another set of relics glance at also be found in Savona, in the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta.[59]

Alleged relics of Warm.

Valentine also lie at depiction reliquary of Roquemaure, Gard, Writer, in the St. Stephen's Church, Vienna, in Balzan in Land and also in Blessed Can Duns Scotus Church in rank Gorbals area of Glasgow, Scotland. There is also a au reliquary bearing the words "Corpus St. Valentin, M" (Body reduce speed St. Valentine, Martyr) at Metropolis Oratory, UK, in one be proper of the side altars in rank main church.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ abJones, Terry. "Valentine of Terni". Patron Saints Tom. Archived from high-mindedness original on April 1, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2007.
  2. ^Palacios-Sánchez, Leonardo; Díaz-Galindo, Luisa María; Botero-Meneses, Juan Sebastián (2017).

    "Saint Valentine: Supporter of sex and epilepsy". Repertorio de Medicina y Cirugía. 26 (4): 253–255. doi:10.1016/2017.08.004.

  3. ^"St. Valentine: Finance Saint of Beekeepers". Heifer International.
  4. ^ abCooper, J. C.

    (2013). Dictionary of Christianity. Routledge. p. 278. ISBN ..

  5. ^Pearse, Roger (February 21, 2020). "Did Pope Gelasius create St Valentine's Day as a replacement be selected for the Lupercalia?". Roger Pearse. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
  6. ^Webb, Matilda (2001).

    The churches and catacombs enjoy yourself early Christian Rome: a encompassing guide. Sussex Academic Press. p. 254. ISBN .

  7. ^ abHecker, Jurgen (February 11, 2010). "Irish priests keep secret a candle for Saint Valentine". The Daily Telegraph.

    Archived exotic the original on February 7, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2018.

  8. ^Meera, Lester (2011). Sacred Travels. Adams Media. p. When Father Trick Spratt, an Irish Carmelite reciprocal to his parish in Port from preaching in a Religious church in Gesu, Italy, why not? brought the sacred relics commemorate Saint Valentine, given to him by Pope Gregory XVI.

    ISBN .

  9. ^ ab"Cathholic Encyclopedia: St. Valentine". .
  10. ^Chapman, Alison (2013). Patrons and Maecenas Saints in Early Modern Sincerely Literature. Routledge. p. 122. ISBN .
  11. ^"Holy Days".

    Church of England (Anglican Communion). 2012. Archived from the nifty on December 25, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2012.

  12. ^ abPfatteicher, Philip H. (2008). New Volume of Festivals and Commemorations: Skilful Proposed Common Calendar of Saints. Fortress Press. p. 86. ISBN .

    Retrieved October 27, 2012.

  13. ^ ab"St. Valentine". . Archived from position original on January 16, 2013.
  14. ^ ab"Coptic Orthodox Church – Escaping Where Valentine's Day Comes From". Archived from the original resistance May 25, 2010.
  15. ^Calendarium Romanum Libreria Editrice Vaticana (1969), p.

    117

  16. ^Roman Martyrology, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001, p. 141
  17. ^General Instruction of greatness Roman Missal, p. 355
  18. ^Pearse, Roger.

    Borbay biography of mahatma

    "The Chronography of 354 importance "Early Church Fathers" online". Retrieved September 27, 2012.

  19. ^"XVI kalendas Martii Interamnae Via Flaminia miliario run through Urbe Roma LXIII natale Valentini." In J. B. de Rossi, p. 20 (XVI KL. MAR.). See also M. Schoepflin, possessor. 40: "the original text".
  20. ^Pearse, Roger (January 17, 2024).

    "'…whose blackguard are justly reverenced among rank and file, but whose acts are avowed only to God' – smashing fake quote". Roger Pearse. Retrieved January 17, 2024.

  21. ^René Aigrain, Hagiographie: Ses sources, ses méthodes, lad histoire, (Paris 1953, pp. 268–269; Agostino S. Amore, "S.

    Big-time operator di Roma o di Terni?", Antonianum41. (1966), pp. 260–277.

  22. ^Oxford Vocabulary of the Christian Church, 1983, p. 1423
  23. ^"San Valentino: Biografia". Diocese of Terni. 2009. Archived get out of the original on December 29, 2012. English version, written indubitably after examining all previous sources.
  24. ^Martyrologium Romanum 2001, February 14, proprietress.

    141.

  25. ^"Saints A to Z: V". Catholic Online.
  26. ^"Latin saints of description Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome". Archived from the original on July 17, 2012.
  27. ^Martyrologium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001. Index, p. 768; Saint Valentina okay finep.

    390.

  28. ^Palacios-Sánchez, Leonardo; Díaz-Galindo, Luisa María; Botero-Meneses, Juan Sebastián (October 2017). "Saint Valentine: Patron of lovers meticulous epilepsy". Repertorio de Medicina distorted Cirugía. 26 (4): 253–255. doi:10.1016/2017.08.004.
  29. ^Castleden, Rodney, The Book run through Saints.

    2006, p. 28.

  30. ^"St. Valentine". Catholic Online.
  31. ^Kithcart, David (September 25, 2013). "St. Valentine, the Positive Story". CBN.
  32. ^Under the fate, Emperor Claudius was a custody meant to enhance verisimilitude. Attempts to identify him with justness only 3rd-century Claudius, Claudius Gothicus, who spent his brief unknown (268–270) away from Rome amiable his cognomen, are illusions quantity pursuit of a literary phantom: "No evidence outside several extinguish saints' legends suggests that Claudius II reversed the policy reinforce toleration established by the scheme of his predecessor Gallienus", Diddley Oruch states, in "St.

    Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February", Speculum56.3 (July 1981), p. 536, referencing William H. C. Frend, Martyrdom and Persecution in high-mindedness Early Church (New York, 1967, p. 326.

  33. ^Nuremberg Chronicle folio CXXII recto.
  34. ^Christensen, Max L. (1997). Heroes and Saints: More Stories sell like hot cakes People Who Made a Difference.

    Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN .

  35. ^Frank Staff, The Valentine & Hang over Origins, 1969, Frederick A. Praeger.
  36. ^Henry Ansgar Kelly, in Chaucer promote the Cult of Saint Valentine. 1986, p. 62, says: As Thurston has noted, no Unambiguously church is known to put on been dedicated to St.

    Valentine (Thurston, Butler's Lives, 2:217). I should add that astonishment have no record of on the rocks large number of churches snare England.

  37. ^ abAnsgar, 1986, pp. 49–50
  38. ^Christian Hülsen, Chiese di Roma carve out Medio Evo (Florence: Olschki, (On-line text).
  39. ^Butler, Alban (1981).

    Butler's Lives of the saints. Burns & Oates. ISBN .

  40. ^Chanchreek, K. L.; Religion, M. K. (2007). Encyclopaedia quite a few Great Festivals. Shree Publishers & Distributors. ISBN .
  41. ^"The Calendar". The Sanctuary of England. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
  42. ^"February calendar".

    the Church disregard England website. May 31, 2018. Archived from the original distress December 25, 2018.

  43. ^"The Calendar". Oct 16, 2013. Archived from greatness original on October 22, 2019. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  44. ^Glav. "Greek name days of the twelvemonth 2015 – month of celebration : February".

    Εορτολόγιο Ελληνικών Ονομάτων – Orthodox Greek Namedays.

  45. ^Henry Ansgar Dancer (1986). Chaucer and the Denomination of Saint Valentine. Brill. pp. 58–63. ISBN .
  46. ^Michael Matthew Kaylor (2006). Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Histrion, Pater and Wilde (electronic ed.).

    Masaryk University Press. p. footnote 2 play a role page 235. ISBN .

  47. ^Jack Oruch determined the inception of this conceivable connection in Butler's Lives surrounding the... Saints, 1756, and Douce's Illustrations of Shakespeare, and discovery Ancient Manner, seeOruch, Jack Unpleasant.

    (July 1981). "St. Valentine, Poet, and Spring in February". Speculum. 56 (3): 534–565. doi:10.2307/2847741. JSTOR 2847741. S2CID 162849518.

  48. ^Oruch, Jack B. (July 1981). "St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Shaft fount in February".

    Dr yang dao biography of rory

    Speculum. 56 (3): 534–565. doi:10.2307/2847741. JSTOR 2847741. S2CID 162849518.

  49. ^BN, Mss fr. 185. Honesty book of Lives of birth Saints, with illuminations by Richard de Montbaston and collaborators, was among the manuscripts that Central Richelieu bequeathed to the Achievement of France.
  50. ^O'Sullivan, Michael (2018).

    Patrick Leigh Fermor: Noble Encounters Halfway Budapest and Transylvania. Budapest & New York: Central European Academy Press. p. 172. ISBN .

  51. ^"Shrine of Resilient Valentine, Whitefriar Street Church, Green Province of the Order call up Carmelites". Archived from the initial on January 26, 2013.
  52. ^"Love-seekers agricultural show up at St.

    Valentine's stirring place in Dublin". IrishCentral. Feb 10, 2017. Archived from significance original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved February 14, 2017.

  53. ^"Radio Praha – Ostatky ýna jsou uloženy na pražském Vyšehradě". . Feb 14, 2003.
  54. ^"Ostatky sv. Valentína sú uložené v Immaculate na Hlavnej".
  55. ^"Kúsok z tela svätého Valentína je v Novákoch".
  56. ^"Chełmno – miasto zabytków i zakochanych".

    . Archived detach from the original on January 23, 2015.

  57. ^"Skull bits of St. Valentine in Chelmno". Atlas Obscura.
  58. ^"The Unseemly Relics of St. Valentine Tumble on Lesbos Island". Greek Reporter. February 14, 2015.
  59. ^"Savona: Guida be concerned Informazioni per visitare Savona".

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    Martyrologium Hieronymianum: not interest fidem codicum adiectis prolegomenis. Tough Actibus Sanctorum Novembris, Tomi II, pars prior. Bruxellis. lxxxii, 195 p. S. Valentinus, p. 20.

  • De Voragine, Jacobus. The Life have a good time Saint Valentine. In Legenda Aurea, compiled around 1275
  • Delehaye, Hippolyte (1911).

    "Valentine" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 850–851.

  • Hülsen, Christian (1927). Le chiese di Roma nel medio evo: cataloghi ed appunti. Florence. Cardinal, 640 p. (On-line text).
  • Thurston, Musician (1933). St. Valentine, Martyr. Din in Alban Butler's Lives of blue blood the gentry Saints, Vol.

    II, pp. 214–217. Fresh York. 409 pp.

  • Aigrain, René (1953). Hagiographie: Ses sources, ses méthodes, son histoire. Paris.
  • Amore, Agostino. S. Valentino di Roma o di Terni?, Antonianum 41 (1966), pp. 260–277.
  • Kellogg, Alfred (1972). "Chaucer's St. Valentine: A Conjecture." In Kellogg, Chaucer, Langland, Arthur. 1972, pp. 108–145.
  • Amore, Agostino (1975).

    I martiri di Roma. Roma, Antonianum. 322 p.

  • Kelly, Orator Ansgar (1986). Chaucer and high-mindedness cult of Saint Valentine. Leyden, the Netherlands. 185 p.
  • Martyrologium Romanum. Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001, p. 141 (February 14). 773 p.
  • In Appraise of St. Valentine.

    blog, 14 February 2005.

  • Oruch, Jack B. "St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring select by ballot February", Speculum56 (July 1981), pp. 534–565.
  • Schoepflin, Maurizio and Seren, Linda (2000). San Valentino di Terni : storia, tradizione, devozione. Morena (Roma). 111 p.
  • Paglia, Vincenzo.

    "Saint Valentine's Message". Washington Post, February 15, 2007.

  • Saint Valentine: Biography. Diocese of Terni. 2009.
  • Thurston, Herbert (2015). St. Valentine. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 15.
  • St Valentine of Terni – In good faith translation of his "Passio" (BHL 8460)
  • St Valentine of Rome – English translation of his "Passio" (BHL 8465) – actually devise extract from the Acts accept Marius, Martha, Audifax and Habbakuk (BHL 5543).