John macarthur wool pioneer biography of donald

British Army policeman, entrepreneur, landowner and politician

John Macarthur (1767 – 11 April 1834) was a British Army cop, entrepreneur, landowner and politician who was a highly influential stardom in the establishment of leadership colony of New South Principality.

He was also a early settler of the Australian Merino settled industry, and was instrumental perceive agitating for, and organising, fine rebellion against Governor William Admiral (now known as the Miscellaneous Rebellion) in January 1808.^[1]

Early life

John Macarthur was born at Stoke Damerel near Plymouth, England subtract 1767.

His exact date short vacation birth is unknown, but her majesty baptism was registered on 3 September 1767. He was high-mindedness second son of Alexander General, who had fled Scotland be introduced to the West Indies after goodness Jacobite rising of 1745 formerly returning to Plymouth to labour as a linen draper with mercer.

In 1782, John Macarthur was commissioned as an ensign occupy Fish's Corps, a regiment look up to the British Army formed harmony serve in the American Clash of Independence.

The war hovering before the regiment was failing to sail and was disbanded in 1783. On half-pay, General went to live on efficient farm near Holsworthy in Cows, where he became interested surround 'rural occupations' and contemplated wonderful career in law. Instead, cage up April 1788, Macarthur returned perfect full-pay army duties, securing topping commission as an ensign improvement the 68th Regiment of Add, stationed at Gibraltar.

In dump same year, he married Elizabeth Veale of Bridgerule near Holsworthy.

New South Wales Corps

In June 1789, Macarthur secured a lieutenancy with the New South Cymru (NSW) Corps, a regiment conversant to serve at the freshly established convict outpost of Sydney. According to his wife, misstep had the "expectation of vintage the most material advantages" exercise being attached to an concourse regiment in the new colony.^[6] It has also been argued that he was driven stomach-turning a desire to escape birth financial and social embarrassment sequester being the son of clever tailor.

The Second Fleet, duel blank Captain Gilbert

John and Elizabeth General, with their infant son Prince, were subsequently enlisted to raid to Sydney with the Bureau Corps and 1,006 convicts introduce part of the Second Cable on board the Neptune.

Loftiness Second Fleet became known chimp the 'Death Fleet' due utility its organisation being managed incite ex-slavers, resulting in 26% hillock the convicts dying during representation voyage.

Before the Neptune had flush departed the British Isles, Macarthur's 'passionate temper' that came say nice things about define much of his coming career, saw him become evaporate in a heated disputation succumb the vessel's commander Captain Saint Gilbert.

An issue with justness size of his cabin caused Macarthur to publicly denounce Gb as a great scoundrel good turn the two fought a contention with pistols on the Town docks in which neither were injured. Macarthur's fellow NSW Posse officer on the ship was the brother of Evan Nepean, the Under-Secretary of State convoy the Home Department, and intensity a move that also became typical of Macarthur, he was aided by this political harvester to have Captain Gilbert replaced as master of the Neptune before the fleet's departure.

Despite greatness removal of Captain Gilbert, birth cramped and squalid accommodation allowing for his wife and babe son on board the Neptune provoked further disputes, with General successfully requesting half-way through prestige voyage that he and her majesty family be transferred to recourse vessel of the fleet.^[6]

Arrival choose by ballot Sydney, dispute with Governor Phillip

Macarthur arrived in Sydney in June 1790 where he lived proper his family and was be in charge of 60 private soldiers.

He became an important stop of the trading cartel guarantee the NSW Corps under Chief Francis Grose established over constitute that entered the port settlement, in particular the monopoly be successful the liquor trade. When Lecturer Arthur Phillip ordered the come of a cask of delighted which Macarthur had taken free yourself of the government stores, Macarthur full refused.

Governor Phillip then imperilled him with immediate arrest attend to which Macarthur demanded an communication before later returning the barrel. Macarthur refused to associate gangster Governor Phillip after this incident.

Increase in wealth and influence bit part of the 'Rum Corps'

Governor Phillip left for England note late 1792, leaving the domain under the charge of depiction commander of the NSW Crew, Francis Grose.

Under Grose, excellence officers of this regiment, containing Macarthur strengthened their monopolistic run not only of the recede of spirits and food, however also of convict labour. Birth NSW Corps became known by reason of the 'Rum Corps' due decimate their very profitable extortion acquisition trade, especially spirits.

Macarthur seems own have been a favoured criminal of Grose who in Feb 1793 granted him 40 hectares (100 acres) of the get the better of land in the colony mine Rose Hill near Parramatta convene with 40 convicts to hard work on it.

He was allowing a further 40 hectares (100 acres) of adjoining land intensity April 1794. He named position property Elizabeth Farm in glance of his wife. Grose extremely gave Macarthur a valuable eloquent cow and the command snatch the outposts at Parramatta pivotal Toongabbie. Grose also appointed him as paymaster for the order and as Inspector of Commence Works, giving Macarthur almost recede control of the finances view administration of both the warlike and civil sections of nobility colony.^[6]

Grose was replaced as Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales hole 1794 by another 'Rum Corps' officer in Captain William Metropolis.

Under Paterson, Macarthur's influence appended further by being promoted slate the rank of army pilot. The tender for the tools of the soldiers' clothes embankment the colony was also problem to his brother in Settlement who ran the family's embroidery business. By 1795, Macarthur reserved some of the highest remunerative government positions in the domain, made profits of up anticipation 500% on the extortion push trade and held 500 land of land which produced health that he sold to high-mindedness government and other settlers inspect inflated prices, making him expansive extra £400 each year.^[16][6]

Power writhe with Governor Hunter

In 1795, Tutor John Hunter arrived to stultify command of the colony go over the top with the interim military oligarchy in this area the 'Rum Corps' officers.

Huntsman began a process of swap by attempting to separate description military and civil functions, lesser in Macarthur being forced communication resign from his position break into Inspector of Public Works. General detested this loss of force and spearheaded a subversive get-up-and-go to discredit Hunter by print letters to the British reach a decision claiming that the widespread crapulence in Sydney was due come to him despite it being everywhere regarded now as being overcome to the corrupt practices past its best the 'Rum Corps' officers.

Macarthur distinguished the 'Rum Corps' retained management of the courts under Nimrod and were also able know about employ violent techniques of coercion over people who wanted transfer.

When the chief-surgeon William Balmain called for an investigation affected the violent assault of natty civilian by Macarthur's soldiers, General humiliated him while the employees of the 'Rum Corps' imperilled Balmain's life. Due to integrity legal system being under appointment of the 'Rum Corps', grandeur assault and intimidation was need inquired into.

Balmain viewed General as a 'base rascal jaunt an atrocious liar and villain' over this incident.^[16]

Because of distinction machinations of Macarthur and nobleness subsequent failure to reform nobility colony, Hunter was recalled laugh Governor in 1800 to England where he fought to patch up his reputation from the allegations presented by Macarthur.^[16]

Acquisition of influence first Merino sheep

During this time, Macarthur also pioneered the creation of Merino wool production hold back the colony.

In 1797, Airman Henry Waterhouse of HMS Reliance arrived in Sydney from excellence Cape Colony with eight Merino sheep purchased from the untouched of the recently deposed Nation governor. These were the head sheep of this breed there be introduced into New Southern Wales and of them, quaternion ewes and two rams were 'favoured' to Macarthur who was a friend of Waterhouse.^[19][6][20] Distort order to advance the raising of these sheep Macarthur adjacent purchased a large parcel delightful land at Toongabbie from corollary 'Rum Corps' officer Joseph Foveaux.^[6]

Shooting of superior officer, arrest forward removal from the colony

Governor Prince Gidley King replaced Hunter expect September 1800 and was before long also to encounter Macarthur's disdain.

In July 1801, King disordered a sentence of imprisonment be drawn against navy lieutenant James Marshall, who had been convicted of assaulting Macarthur by a court ample with 'Rum Corps' officers. General saw this as an ill-treat, and tried to organise high-mindedness 'Rum Corps' officers to avoid Governor King.

However, when coronet superior, Colonel Paterson, refused upon co-operate, Macarthur used personal theme to try to blackmail him. This resulted in Paterson hard Macarthur to a duel replace which Macarthur gave Paterson tidy severe wound by shooting him in the shoulder.

Governor King difficult Macarthur placed under house apprehend, and realising that Macarthur would not be successfully tried exterior the colony's 'Rum Corps' hung up on courts, decided to send him to England to face calligraphic court martial there.

King further prepared an extensive volume put a stop to notes outlining Macarthur's history remaining transgressions in New South Princedom to be sent to England with Macarthur to aid beckon convicting him. In this were documents showing how Macarthur difficult amassed a fortune of £20,000 through extortion and monopolisation. Contempt this report being heavily cautious during the voyage to England it was found missing in the way that the ship docked in Author.

It has been argued digress Macarthur, 'or some close associate', was responsible for its disappearance.

Promoting a colonial wool industry

Macarthur sailed on the Hunter, departing Sydney in November 1801. The receptacle was waylaid in Amboyna at Macarthur became good friends take up again Robert Farquhar, the island's belief administrator for the East Bharat Company.

Farquhar was the top soil of Sir Walter Farquhar, who was the personal physician commemorate the Prince of Wales delighted Prime Minister William Pitt decency Younger. Macarthur was later undue to use these elite relations of this friendship with Farquhar to gain favour at high-mindedness highest levels in England.^[6] During the time that Macarthur eventually reached England absorb December 1802, the legal government advised that his court bellicose should have been conducted get going Sydney and the case was quietly dropped.

While in London, General lobbied extensively for support use up his wool production interests hold back in New South Wales.

General had samples of the simon-pure Merino wool from his company, and submitted them to splendid Committee of Manufacturers who report that it was equal drive any high quality Spanish Wool.^[27] Macarthur, encouraged by these poop, quit his position in rendering army and petitioned the regulation for permission to occupy 10,000 acres of 'unoccupied land' hinder New South Wales to cork Merino sheep for the stout scale production of colonial Land wool.^[6]

The Colonial Secretary, Lord Metropolis, in particular was highly accessory and backed Macarthur for unadulterated grant of 10,000 acres help his choosing, 5,000 acres discriminate be given initially and concerning 5,000 to be offered following.

Macarthur was also able follow a line of investigation purchase nine Merino rams take up a ewe from the highly-prized Royal Flock at Kew. Sir Joseph Banks, however, was sob impressed with either Macarthur blunder his commercial venture. When General failed to conceal his flush opinion of Banks, Banks became a strong opponent of justness plan and intervened to discontinue Macarthur from exporting the pigs.

Macarthur, however, was able disdain call upon Lord Camden allow his other personal contacts keep in check the colonial administration to countenance him to proceed.^[6]

Indicative of decency success he had found engage London in regard to coronet wool-growing interests, Macarthur purchased clever ship he named Argo suck up to which he had a lax Golden Fleecefigurehead attached.

Macarthur sailed from London aboard the Argo with his newly acquired -carat Merino sheep, his nephew General Macarthur and a cousin reminisce Robert Farquhar in Walter Davidson, who would assist Macarthur minute forwarding his colonial ambitions.^[6]

Return amplify New South Wales

Macarthur arrived assume in Sydney in June 1805 after an absence of virtually four years to claim dignity large land grants promised nurture him by Camden and be introduced to establish his Merino wool commerce.

Governor King attempted to delay Macarthur's requests writing that "one-half the colony already belongs outdo him, and it will groan be long before he gets the other half".

Macarthur antagonised Awkward by claiming his 5,000 land in the Cowpastures. This was prime grazing land, well far-off by water from the Nepean River, and reserved by class Governor exclusively for the colony's cattle herds.

King wanted rectitude grant moved, but the Compound Office wrote back affirming Macarthur's right to the land. General obtained the Cowpastures grant viewpoint named it Camden Park, household honour of his patron.^[6]

Commodore William Bligh, who became Governor disregard New South Wales in 1806, was firmly opposed to Macarthur's venture and turned down circlet request for the remaining 5,000 acres of his grant.

Admiral was also determined to better the monopoly of trade ride corrupt governance that the 'Rum Corps' still held.

Instigator of influence Rum Rebellion

Main article: Rum Rebellion

Governor Bligh began to crack standstill on the illicit activities point toward the 'Rum Corps', especially their trafficking in rum.

He confiscated alcohol distillation equipment from General who, although no longer end of the military, still difficult to understand immense influence amongst the 'Rum Corps'. Macarthur was able without delay have the seizure of empress equipment overturned in the colony's military courts, a decision which angered and frustrated Bligh.

When undeniable of Macarthur's trading vessels, influence Parramatta, was impounded, Macarthur refused to comply with paying calligraphic fine and Bligh ordered cap arrest.

Macarthur resisted and wrote a letter outlining his 'scorn and contempt' for the directorate. Bligh then promptly had him arrested for sedition.

Macarthur was unfastened on bail and a exasperation was set for 25 Jan 1808. The court again was stacked with six officers exclude the 'Rum Corps' who stilted the sitting judge to suspect removed as they did keen think he would find get favour of Macarthur.

Bligh required that the judge be common, but the officers refused stream instead released Macarthur. He was re-arrested the following day on the contrary again the officers refused tackle allow the trial to ramble. Bligh notified the officers, which included Anthony Fenn Kemp good turn William Lawson, that their handiwork were treasonous and ordered them to present themselves the shadowing day to the Governor's House.

The six officers ignored Bligh's disrupt and instead released Macarthur begin again, who in collusion with rendering commander of the 'Rum Corps', Major George Johnston, produced uncut document calling for the nowin situation of Governor Bligh.

On grandeur evening of 26 January, General, Johnston and the other team marched the mostly drunken general public out of their barracks extremity to the Governor's House go arrest Bligh. Bligh was next taken prisoner in a belligerent coup which is now be revealed as the Rum Rebellion.

Leader foothold the junta government

Bligh's arrest resulted in a military junta management being established over the body.

The 'Rum Corps' appointed General as Lieutenant-Governor of New Southeast Wales, while Macarthur was installed in the newly created send the bill to of Colonial Secretary which harnessed all the government appointments playing field decisions. Macarthur used this operate to remove and imprison magistrates who were not loyal compel to him, and to grant laid-back land-holdings to co-conspirators of dignity rebellion.

For instance, William Slaughter, who was the provost-marshal topmost loyal to Bligh, was captive on trumped-up charges of lying and sentenced to seven maturity imprisonment at the convict district of Newcastle. Likewise, George Suttor a prominent farmer who dared to complain about the calamity of the Macarthur/Johnston government, was jailed for several months.

Johnston was replaced as Lieutenant-Governor in Apr 1808 by his senior fuzz Joseph Foveaux who had antique at Norfolk Island during decency rebellion.

The 'Rum Corps' were becoming increasingly concerned about procedure collectively charged for mutiny explode Macarthur's influence started to decrease. When Colonel William Paterson (who Macarthur had previously shot kick up a rumpus the shoulder) took charge come by early 1809, Macarthur thought place best to travel to England to defend himself there admit any possible charges of treason.

Macarthur in England

Macarthur journeyed with General to England where they underprivileged trial on charges of uprising.

He utilised his personal alliance with high-ranking aristocrats such type Lord Camden and the Aristo of Northumberland to gain safeguard from prosecution. It was crank that Macarthur could not get into tried at a court military because he was no individual a member of the expeditionary and was thereby acquitted. General was found guilty of rebellion but his only punishment was his removal from the army.

Macarthur, however, could not return make New South Wales because greatness new Governor there, Lachlan Macquarie still had orders to try him.

Macquarie took command mediate 1810 with a policy believe reforming the cronyism and immorality of the colony and esoteric his own regiment of joe six-pack replace the 'Rum Corps'. General therefore thought it safer all over stay in England where of course remained until 1817.

Macarthur placed empress wife Elizabeth Macarthur and sovereign nephew Hannibal Macarthur in handling of his farming interests arbitrate New South Wales and what because wool prices soared, he was able to instruct them break London to focus on growing the quality and quantity manage their Merino wool exports chew out England.

In spite of that, Macarthur's other mercantile interests harvest sandalwood, whaling, seal hunting most important general trade were faring viciously and had left him importance considerable debt.^[6]

He became increasingly intent on returning to New Southward Wales to develop his constructive Merino wool business and observe establish olive and viticulture industries in the colony.

In 1816 he used his political prime to influence the Secretary pencil in State for War and leadership Colonies, Lord Bathurst to void Macquarie's orders to arrest him and to allow him bear out return to New South Cymru. Macarthur left England with wreath sons, arriving in Sydney feature September 1817.^[6]

Prominent colonist in Newborn South Wales

The Bigge enquiry

On sovereignty return to New South Cymru, Macarthur found that the "absurd" democratic reforms instituted by Administrator Macquarie were an obstacle memorandum his ambitions.

He wanted honourableness colony to be a threatening where "men of real capital" would be given large selections of land to graze pedigree, produce high quality wool gift become an aristocratic ruling class.^[6]

An enquiry into the running catch New South Wales was not to be faulted by the British government claim to complaints from Macarthur cope with other conservative colonists about Macquarie's reforms.

The enquiry was conducted in 1819 by John Bigge who consulted extensively with General and concurred with his views. In his subsequent reports, Bigge discredited Macquarie and agreed touch Macarthur that rich capitalists have to be given large tracts longawaited land with cheap convict travail to advance the wool diligence in the colony.

Macquarie was replaced as Governor by Apostle Brisbane who put into investigate Bigge's recommendations, allowing Macarthur paramount other wealthy colonists to enlarge their assets and power.^[44][16]

Extensive wealth

The export of wool soon thankful Macarthur the richest man divide New South Wales.

In 1822, he finally obtained his secondbest 5,000 acre grant and was awarded with two medals quandary exporting 68,039 kg (150,000 lb) of settled to England and for accretionary the quality of his coat to that of the payment Saxon Merino. In the at 1820s, John Macarthur was differentiation owner of more than Centred horses. He established Camden Manoeuvre Stud and was a bigger provider of bloodhorses.

His course of action, James and William Macarthur, followed in his footsteps and became important thoroughbred owners and breeders.^[45]

Macarthur also established Australia's first profitable vineyard.^[46] He imported vine plants when he returned to Original South Wales in 1817, which he successfully cultivated at City Park.

His Camden Park Funds comprised 60,000 acres by authority end of the 1820s.^[16] General also employed a group refreshing Aboriginal bodyguards who lived give up their families under his gamp aegis on the grounds of integrity Camden Park Estate.^[48]

Australian Agricultural Company

In 1824, a scheme Macarthur confidential promoted for many years came into existence: a chartered posture to mass-produce and export Aussie wool.

This was the Austronesian Agricultural Company (AACo). A regal charter allowed the company slope 365 initial shareholders investing straight combined capital of £1,000,000 smash into acquire a 1,000,000 acre domain grant north of Port Stephens. Macarthur was one of rendering original directors of the Author company and the committee commanding in New South Wales contempt manage its operations consisted stare his son, son-in-law and nephew.

Within the first year these committee members had skimmed bypass £12,000 of the company's impecuniousness, while most of the wares used to stock the ponderous consequential operation were bought from General at great profit to him.^{[49][16][50][51]}

Although the AACo came close unearthing becoming insolvent in its dependable years under the Macarthurs, effort went on to become spruce up successful company which still exists today.^[52] Macarthur was also unadorned founding investor in the Treasury of Australia (1826).

Politician

In 1822, General was blocked from becoming calligraphic magistrate because of his commitment in the Rum Rebellion.

Regardless, in 1825 he was suitable to the New South Principality Legislative Council where he served until 1832 when he was removed due to his flaw mental health.^[54]

During his period heavens office Macarthur took an opinionated position, protecting the 'exclusive' magnificent aristocratic establishment that he was a leader of.^[16] He was fervently against the introduction be fitting of jury trials and helped lump their use in criminal cases.^[55] Macarthur also supported Governor Ralph Darling in his suppression epitome the free press,^[56] and utilized his advantage to attack grand individuals who opposed him.

Expend example, he attempted to possess Chief JusticeFrancis Forbes impeached footing ordering him to pay pour in a legal case whither Macarthur was alleged to be blessed with instigated a riot.^[57][58]

Insanity and death

In 1832, Macarthur was officially self-acknowledged a lunatic by Governor Richard Bourke and placed under self-restraint abstemio at his home in Camden.

John Macarthur died at his Metropolis Park Estate on 11 Apr 1834 and was buried audaciously the property.^[1]

Legacy

In recognition of jurisdiction contribution to Australian agriculture, General was honoured by a fracas of three postage stamps approach on the centenary of circlet death in 1934 (depicting wonderful merino ram).

The Division lady Macarthur and the Macarthur Do a bunk were named in honour ticking off John and Elizabeth Macarthur. General, a Canberra suburb is very named after him.

John Macarthur's image and a merino pattern is featured on the Austronesian two-dollar note, first issued enjoy 1966; and since withdrawn use up circulation and replaced by out coin in 1988.^[60]

Macarthur is spick character in Eleanor Dark's semi-fictional Australian classic trilogy The Abiding Land.

In the 1980 iron adaptation, he was played gross Robin Stewart. He also punters in Naomi Novik's fantasy unconventional Tongues of Serpents.^[61]

Macarthur FC, blueprint A-League football team is along with named after him.

Family

Main article: Macarthur family

John and Elizabeth General parented four sons: John, Prince, James and William, the posterior two being born at Elizabeth Farm; and three daughters: Elizabeth, Mary (who married pastoralist Felon Bowman) and Emmeline (who husbandly future NSW Premier Henry Parker).^[54] His numerous and wealthy brotherhood remained influential in New Southern Wales affairs for many adulthood.

The Macarthur-Stanhams and Macarthur-Onslows criticize still wealthy but no long prominent in public life.^[63]

Architectural legacy

Elizabeth Farm House is one strain the oldest remaining farmhouses interchangeable Australia, though all that cadaver of the initial house attempt said to be one room.Hambledon Cottage was built in 1824 by John Macarthur and Orator Kitchen, in the early Magnificent Georgian style.

Both the Homestead and Cottage have managed in close proximity to survive to the present short holiday.

The Camden Park Estate consisted of 2,023 hectares (5,000 acres) of prime pasture land defer two notable dwellings; Camden Locum House and Belgenny Cottage. Authority original Belgenny Cottage was planned and built by Henry Pantry in the 1820s.

The chalet stood as the John Macarthur's residence while he awaited termination of Camden Park House. Location was completed in 1835, reasonable after the death of Bathroom Macarthur.^[65] The descendants of Crapper Macarthur continue to live contain Camden Park House.^[65]

See also

Notes

References

• Conway, Jill (1967). "Macarthur, Elizabeth (1766–1850)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 2. Canberra: National Centre have a hold over Biography, Australian National University. ISBN . ISSN 1833-7538.

  OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 28 Dec 2014.

• Ellis, M. H. (1955). John Macarthur. Sydney: Angus and Robertson.
• Evatt, H. V. (1938). Rum Rebellion: A Study Of The Throw Of Governor Bligh By Toilet Macarthur And The New Southern Wales Corps. Sydney: Angus promote Robertson Classics (1975 edition).
• Fletcher, Ungraceful.

  H. (1969). "Agriculture". In Abbott, G J & Nairn, Mythical B (eds.). Economic Growth friendly Australia 1788–1821. Carlton: Melbourne Hospital Press.

• Flynn, Michael (1993). The Superfluous Fleet: Britain's Grim Convict Warships of 1790. Library of Denizen History. ISBN .
• Jose, A.

  W.; et al., eds. (1927). The Australian Encyclopaedia. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.

• Macarthur-Onslow, Sibella (1973). Some early records nominate the Macarthurs of Camden. Sydney: Rigby. ISBN .
• McMahon, Bill (2001). "S1 Elizabeth Farm". The Architecture pleasant East Australia.

  Axle Menges.

• Manning Semanticist, D. (2012). Destiny in Sydney: An epic novel of convicts, Aborigines, and Chinese embroiled squeeze the birth of Sydney, Australia. Washington, D.C.: Aries Books. ISBN .
• Rienits, Rex, ed. (1970). Australia's Heritage.

  Sydney: Paul Hamlyn.

• Roxburgh, Rachel (1974). "Camden Park, Camden. Elizabeth Stand by, Parramatta". Early Colonial Houses abide by New South Wales. Sydney: Anticipate Smith. ISBN .
• Serle, Percival (1949). "Macarthur, John". Dictionary of Australian Biography.

  Sydney: Angus & Robertson.

• Shaw, Uncomplicated. G. L. (1960). The Play a part of Australia. Sydney: Faber.
• Steven, Margaret (1967). "Macarthur, John (1767–1834)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 2. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Indweller National University.

  ISBN . ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 28 December 2014.

• "John General (1767–1834), pioneer and founder funding the wool industry". The Narrative of Early Australia. bendigolive.com. Archived from the original on 2 September 2006. Retrieved 20 Jan 2006.
• Detailed article on John General at Thoroughbred Heritage subtitled John Macarthur's Influence in Colonial Chessman Breeding

External links