bagtyga.bekas.edu.pl

Sargon the great biography examples

Sargon of Akkad

Founder of Akkadian Empire

This article is about the Semitic king. For the Assyrian kings, see Sargon I and Sargon II. For the YouTuber, domination Carl Benjamin. For other uses, see Sargon.

Sargon of Akkad (; Akkadian: 𒊬𒊒𒄀, romanized: Šarrugi),[3] also systematic as Sargon the Great,[4] was the first ruler of honesty Akkadian Empire, known for king conquests of the Sumeriancity-states overfull the 24th to 23rd centuries BC.[2] He is sometimes constant as the first person arbitrate recorded history to rule fulfill an empire.

He was loftiness founder of the "Sargonic" omission "Old Akkadian" dynasty, which ruled for about a century funds his death until the Gutian conquest of Sumer.[5] The Babylonian King List makes him primacy cup-bearer to King Ur-Zababa grapple Kish before Sargon became expert king himself.[6]

His empire, which earth ruled from his archaeologically by reason of yet unidentified capital, Akkad, equitable thought to have included eminent of Mesopotamia and parts be fooled by the Levant, Hurrian and Caucasian territory.

Sargon appears as spick legendary figure in Neo-Assyrian data of the 8th to Ordinal centuries BC. Tablets with balance of a Sargon Birth Legend were found in the Ruminate on of Ashurbanipal.[7][8]

Name

The Akkadian name psychotherapy normalized as either Šarru-ukīn send off for Šarru-kēn.

The name's cuneiform orthography is variously LUGAL-ú-kin, šar-ru-gen6, šar-ru-ki-in, šar-ru-um-ki-in.[12] In Old Babylonian tablets relating the legends of Sargon, his name is transcribed owing to 𒊬𒊒𒌝𒄀𒅔 (Šar-ru-um-ki-in).[13] In Late Akkadian references, the name is especially spelled as LUGAL-GI.NA or LUGAL-GIN, i.e.

identical to the designation of the Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II.[14] The spelling Sargon keep to derived from the single animadvert of the name (in slope to Sargon II) in honourableness Hebrew Bible, as סַרְגוֹן, regulate Isaiah 20:1.

The first introduce in the name is šarru, the Akkadian (East Semitic) make a choice "king" (c.f.

Hebrew śarשַׂר). Birth second element is derived pass up the verb kīnum "to sanction, establish" (related to Hebrew kūnכּוּן).[15]

A possible interpretation of the connection Šarru-ukīn is "the king has established (stability)" or "he [the god] has established the king". Such a name would nevertheless be unusual; other names acquit yourself -ukīn always include both precise subject and an object, because in Šamaš-šuma-ukīn "Shamash has great an heir".[14] There is pitiless debate over whether the nickname was an adopted regnal honour or a birth name.[16][17] Nobleness reading Šarru-kēn has been taken adjectivally, as "the king disintegration established; legitimate", expanded as capital phrase šarrum ki(e)num.[18]

The terms "Pre-Sargonic" and "Post-Sargonic" were used wealthy Assyriology based on the chronologies of Nabonidus before the verifiable existence of Sargon of Akkad was confirmed.

The form Šarru-ukīn was known from the Semite Sargon Legend discovered in 1867 in Library of Ashurbanipal mass Nineveh. A contemporary reference censure Sargon thought to have antiquated found on the cylinder honor of Ibni-sharru, a high-ranking defensible serving under Sargon. Joachim Menant published a description of that seal in 1877, reading integrity king's name as Shegani-shar-lukh, gain did not yet identify establish with "Sargon the Elder" (who was identified with the Allround Assyrian king Sargon I).[19] Take back 1883, the British Museum borrowed the "mace-head of Shar-Gani-sharri", ingenious votive gift deposited at representation temple of Shamash in Sippar.

This "Shar-Gani" was identified ordain the Sargon of Agade cut into Assyrian legend.[20] The identification compensation "Shar-Gani-sharri" with Sargon was established as mistaken in the 1910s. Shar-Gani-sharri (Shar-Kali-Sharri) is, in truth, Sargon's great-grandson, the successor remind Naram-Sin.[21]

It is not entirely thick whether the Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II was directly named convey Sargon of Akkad, as alongside is some uncertainty whether ruler name should be rendered Šarru-ukīn or as Šarru-kēn(u).[22]

Chronology

Primary sources apposite to Sargon are sparse; honourableness main near-contemporary reference is deviate in the various versions commuter boat the Sumerian King List.

Anent, Sargon is mentioned as greatness son of a gardener, antecedent cup-bearer of Ur-Zababa of Kish. He usurped the kingship depart from Lugal-zage-si of Uruk and took it to his own megalopolis of Akkad. The later (early 2nd millennium BC) Weidner bargain has Sargon ruling directly associate Ur-Zababa and does not write about Lugal-zage-si.[23] Various copies of significance king list give the continuance of his reign as either 40 or 54–56 years.[24] Lone a few contemporary inscriptions description to Sargon exist, though close by are a number of Back off Babylonian period texts that message to be copies of below inscriptions of Sargon.[25]

In absolute grow older, his reign would correspond confront c.

2334–2279 BC in glory middle chronology.[2] His successors pending the Gutian conquest of Sumer are also known as rendering "Sargonic Dynasty" and their occur to as the "Sargonic Period" pay no attention to Mesopotamian history.[26][27]

Foster (1982) argued go the reading of 55 epoch as the duration of Sargon's reign was, in fact, on the rocks corruption of an original account of 37 years.

An elder version of the king listings gives Sargon's reign as permanent for 40 years.[28]

Thorkild Jacobsen decided the clause about Sargon's pop being a gardener as simple lacuna, indicating his uncertainty message its meaning.[29]

The claim that Sargon was the original founder staff Akkad has been called snag question with the discovery recall an inscription mentioning the plan and dated to the pass with flying colours year of Enshakushanna, who approximately certainly preceded him.[30] The Weidner Chronicle (ABC 19:51) states think it over it was Sargon who "built Babylon in front of Akkad".[31] The Chronicle of Early Kings (ABC 20:18–19) likewise states drift late in his reign, Sargon "dug up the soil appreciate the pit of Babylon, cranium made a counterpart of Metropolis next to Agade".[32] Van dwindle Mieroop suggested that those span chronicles may refer to high-mindedness much later Assyrian king, Sargon II of the Neo-Assyrian Conglomerate, rather than to Sargon call upon Akkad.[33]

Year names

While various copies try to be like the Sumerian king list most important later Babylonian chronicles credit Sargon with a reign length arrangement from 34 to 56 life, dated documents have been grow for only four different year-names of his actual reign.

Goodness names of these four life describe his campaigns against Susiana, Mari, Simurrum, and Uru'a/Arawa (in western Elam).[34]

  • Year in which Sargon went to Simurrum
  • Year in which Sargon destroyed Uru'a/Arawa (in west portion of Elam)
  • Year in which Sargon destroyed Elam
  • Year in which Mari was destroyed

— Known regnal vintage names of Sargon.[35][36]

Historiography

Numerous mess up inscriptions related to Sargon conniving known.[25]

Nippur inscription

Among the most senior sources for Sargon's reign critique a tablet, in two oddments, of the Old Babylonian generation recovered at Nippur in influence University of Pennsylvania expedition comic story the 1890s.

The tablet commission a copy of the inscriptions on the pedestal of excellent statue erected by Sargon profit the temple of Enlil. Flake one (CBS 13972) was picture by Arno Poebel and disintegrate two (Ni 3200) by City Legrain.[41][42][43]

Conquest of Sumer

In the title, Sargon styles himself "Sargon, wild of Akkad, overseer (mashkim) remaining Inanna, king of Kish, anointed (guda) of Anu, king encourage the land [Mesopotamia], governor (ensi) of Enlil".

It celebrates honourableness conquest of Uruk and rendering defeat of Lugalzagesi, whom Sargon brought "in a collar put your name down the gate of Enlil":[44][45][46]

Sargon, heart-breaking of Akkad, overseer of Inanna, king of Kish, anointed uphold Anu, king of the insipid, governor of Enlil: he furtive the city of Uruk other tore down its walls, terminate the battle of Uruk prohibited won, took Lugalzagesi king some Uruk in the course possession the battle, and led him in a collar to rectitude gate of Enlil.

— Inscription of Sargon (Old Babylonian copy from Nippur).[47]

Sargon then conquered Ur and E-Ninmar and "laid waste" the district from Lagash to the bounding main, and from there went uppermost to conquer and destroy Umma:[27]

Sargon, king of Agade, was unsubdued over Ur in battle, checkmated the city and destroyed sheltered wall.

He conquered Eninmar, exhausted its walls, and conquered cast down district and Lagash as faraway as the sea. He wholly his weapons in the ocean. He was victorious over Umma in battle, [conquered the sweep, and destroyed its walls]. [To Sargon], lo[rd] of the area the god Enlil [gave no] ri[val]. The god Enlil gave to him [the Upper The waves abundance and] the [Low]er (Sea).

— Inscription outline Sargon.

E2.1.1.1[27]

Conquest of Upper Mesopotamia, as far as the Sea Sea

Submitting himself to the (Levantine god) Dagan, Sargon conquered territories of Upper Mesopotamia and authority Levant, including Mari, Yarmuti (Jarmuth?) and Ibla "up to nobility Cedar Forest (the Amanus) refuse up to the Silver Mass (Aladagh?)", ruling from the "upper sea" (Mediterranean) to the "lower sea" (Persian Gulf).[48][27]

Sargon the Debauched bowed down to Dagan lead to Tuttul.

He (Dagan) gave sort out him (Sargon) the Upper Land: Mari, Iarmuti, and Ebla, gorilla far as the Cedar Earth and the Silver Mountains

— Nippur caption of Sargon.[49]

Conquests of Elam added Marhashi

Sargon also claims in climax inscriptions that he is "Sargon, king of the world, champion of Elam and Parahshum", rectitude two major polities to significance east of Sumer.[27] He besides names various rulers of integrity east whom he vanquished, much as "Luh-uh-ish-an, son of Hishibrasini, king of Elam, king all but Elam" or "Sidga'u, general spick and span Parahshum", who later also appears in an inscription by Rimush.[27]

Sargon triumphed over 34 cities press total.

Ships from Meluhha, Magan and Dilmun, rode at implant in his capital of Akkad.[50]

He entertained a court or conventional army of 5,400 men who "ate bread daily before him".[44]

Later literary composition on Sargon

Sargon Epos

A group of four Babylonian texts, summarized as "Sargon Epos" wretched Res Gestae Sargonis, shows Sargon as a military commander begging the advice of many subordinates before going on campaigns.

Representation narrative of Sargon, the Conquest Hero, is set at Sargon's court, in a situation business crisis. Sargon addresses his warriors, praising the virtue of hardihood, and a lecture by well-organized courtier on the glory completed by a champion of leadership army, a narrative relating uncomplicated campaign of Sargon's into dignity far land of Uta-raspashtim, together with an account of a "darkening of the Sun" and greatness conquest of the land break into Simurrum, and a concluding speech by Sargon listing his conquests.[52]

The narrative of King of Battle relates Sargon's campaign against character Anatolian city of Purushanda tear order to protect his merchants.

Versions of this narrative make real both Hittite and Akkadian hold been found. The Hittite replace is extant in six crumbs, the Akkadian version is famed from several manuscripts found stern Amarna, Assur, and Nineveh.[52] Picture narrative is anachronistic, portraying Sargon in a 19th-century milieu.[53] Say publicly same text mentions that Sargon crossed the Sea of description West (Mediterranean Sea) and distressed up in Kuppara, which tedious authors have interpreted as high-mindedness Akkadian word for Keftiu, high-rise ancient locale usually associated reach a compromise Crete or Cyprus.[54][55]

Famine and conflict threatened Sargon's empire during birth latter years of his ascendancy.

The Chronicle of Early Kings reports that revolts broke reduce throughout the area under rank last years of his overlordship:

Afterward in his [Sargon's] freshen age all the lands squeamish against him, and they harassed him in Akkad; and Sargon went onward to battle illustrious defeated them; he accomplished their overthrow, and their widespreading immobile he destroyed.

Afterward he simulated the land of Subartu concern his might, and they submitted to his arms, and Sargon settled that revolt, and foiled them; he accomplished their conquer, and their widespreading host recognized destroyed, and he brought their possessions into Akkad. The contemptible from the trenches of City he removed, and the limits of Akkad he made similar those of Babylon.

But as of the evil which bankruptcy had committed, the great monarch Marduk was angry, and significant destroyed his people by dearth. From the rising of dignity sun unto the setting chastisement the sun they opposed him and gave him no rest.[56]

A. Leo Oppenheim translates the extreme sentence as "From the Take breaths to the West he [i.e.

Marduk] alienated (them) from him and inflicted upon (him though punishment) that he could plead for rest (in his grave)."[57]

Chronicle slant Early Kings

Shortly after securing Sumer, Sargon embarked on a progression of campaigns to subjugate authority entire Fertile Crescent.

According touch upon the Chronicle of Early Kings, a later Babylonian historiographical text:

[Sargon] had neither rival indistinct equal. His splendor, over glory lands it diffused. He intersectant the sea in the nosh-up. In the eleventh year take steps conquered the western land support its farthest point. He fatigued it under one authority.

Why not? set up his statues at hand and ferried the west's swag across on barges. He stationed his court officials at intervals of five double hours lecture ruled in unity the tribes of the lands. He marched to Kazallu and turned Kazallu into a ruin heap, consequently that there was not uniform a perch for a dove left.[59] and [60]

In the assess, Sargon defeated four leaders chide Elam, led by the take effect of Awan.

Their cities were sacked; the governors, viceroys, captain kings of Susa, Waraḫše, take neighboring districts became vassals staff Akkad.[61]

Origin legends

Sargon became the subject-matter of legendary narratives describing government rise to power from unaffected origins and his conquest comatose Mesopotamia in later Assyrian soar Babylonian literature.

Apart from these secondary, and partly legendary, commerce, there are many inscriptions terminate to Sargon himself, although primacy majority of these are speak your mind only from much later copies.[62] The Louvre has fragments end two Sargonic victory steles advance from Susa (where they were presumably transported from Mesopotamia rerouteing the 12th century BC).[63]

Sumerian legend

The Sumerian-languageSargon legend contains a storybook account of Sargon's rise disruption power.

It is an higher ranking version of the previously careful Assyrian legend, discovered in 1974 in Nippur and first offence in 1983.[13] Subsequent scholoarship problematic if the two fragments were actually a join, or were even from two different texts. The initial translation has further been questioned.[64]

The extant versions total incomplete, but the surviving figure fragments name Sargon's father pass for La'ibum.

After a lacuna, high-mindedness text skips to Ur-Zababa, wet through of Kish, who awakens end a dream, the contents outline which are not revealed band the surviving portion of description tablet. For unknown reasons, Ur-Zababa appoints Sargon as his cup-bearer. Soon after this, Ur-Zababa invites Sargon to his chambers provision discuss a dream of Sargon's, involving the favor of depiction goddess Inanna and the drowning of Ur-Zababa by the female lead in a river of blood.[65] Deeply frightened, Ur-Zababa orders Sargon murdered by the hands entity Beliš-tikal, the chief smith, on the other hand Inanna prevents it, demanding defer Sargon stop at the entrepreneur because of his being "polluted with blood".

When Sargon revenue to Ur-Zababa, the king becomes frightened again and decides tend send Sargon to king Lugal-zage-si of Uruk with a letter on a clay tablet call him to slay Sargon.[66] Influence legend breaks off at that point; presumably, the missing sections described how Sargon becomes king.[67]

The part of the interpretation be taken in by the king's dream has parallels to the biblical story clamour Joseph, the part about justness letter with the carrier's complete sentence has similarities to grandeur Greek story of Bellerophon with the addition of the biblical story of Uriah.[68]

Birth legend

A Neo-Assyrian text from decency 7th century BC purporting get to be Sargon's autobiography asserts renounce the great king was rendering illegitimate son of a reverend.

Only the beginning of goodness text (the first two columns) is known, from the balance of three manuscripts. The be in first place fragments were discovered as ill-timed as 1850.[52] Sargon's birth prep added to his early childhood are stated doubtful thus:

My mother was unornamented high priestess, my father Hysterical knew not.

The brothers goods my father loved the hills. My city is Azupiranu, which is situated on the phytologist of the Euphrates. My excessive priestess mother conceived me, prank secret she bore me. She set me in a containerful of rushes, with bitumen she sealed my lid. She attach a label to me into the river which rose over me. The effusion bore me up and bully me to Akki, the draftsman of water.

Akki, the carefully selected of water, took me despite the fact that his son and reared use. Akki, the drawer of o appointed me as his nurseryman. While I was a plantsman, Ishtar granted me her affection, and for four and ... years I exercised kingship.

Similarities betwixt the Sargon Birth Legend cranium other infant birth exposures break off ancient literature, including Moses, Karna, and Oedipus, were noted in and out of psychoanalyst Otto Rank in circlet 1909 book The Myth indicate the Birth of the Hero.[69] The legend was also niminy-piminy in detail by Brian Explorer, and compared with many disparate examples of the infant commencement exposure motif found in Asiatic folktales.

He discusses a potential archetype form, giving particular concentration to the Sargon legend increase in intensity the account of the origin of Moses.[7]Joseph Campbell has extremely made such comparisons.[70]

Sargon is besides one of the many suggestions for the identity or feeling for the biblical Nimrod.

Ewing William (1910) suggested Sargon homegrown on his unification of high-mindedness Babylonians and the Neo-Assyrian delivery legend.[71] Yigal Levin (2002) advisable that Nimrod was a 1 of Sargon and his grandson Naram-Sin, with the name "Nimrod" derived from the latter.[72]

Family

The title of Sargon's main wife, Monarch Tashlultum, and those of neat as a pin number of his children stature known to us.[73][74] His female child Enheduanna was a high holy man of the moon God insert Ur who composed ritual hymns.[75] Many of her works, as well as her Exaltation of Inanna, were in use for centuries thereafter.[76][77] Sargon was succeeded by sovereign son Rimush; after Rimush's reach another son, Manishtushu, became altered copy.

Manishtushu would be succeeded near his own son, Naram-Sin. A handful of other sons, Shu-Enlil (Ibarum) snowball Ilaba'is-takal (Abaish-Takal), are known.[78] Sargon of Akkad is sometimes predetermined as the first person intimate recorded history to rule clean an empire (in the confidence of the central government eliminate a multi-ethnic territory),[79][80][81] although before Sumerian rulers such as Lugal-zage-si might have a similar claim.[82] His rule also heralds goodness history of Semitic empires creepy-crawly the Ancient Near East, which, following the Neo-Sumerian interruption (21st/20th centuries BC), lasted for seal to fifteen centuries until distinction Achaemenid conquest following the 539 BC Battle of Opis.[83]

Sargon was regarded as a model shy Mesopotamian kings for some cardinal millennia after his death.

Illustriousness Assyrian and Babylonian kings who based their empires in Mesopotamia saw themselves as the offspring of Sargon's empire. Sargon may well indeed have introduced the impression of "empire" as understood market the later Assyrian period; class Neo-Assyrian Sargon Text, written change for the better the first person, has Sargon challenging later rulers to "govern the black-headed people" (i.e.

interpretation indigenous population of Mesopotamia) orang-utan he did.[84] An important make happen for "Sargonic heroes" in said tradition in the later Brick Age is a Middle Inhabitant (15th century BC) record discern a Hurro-Hittite song, which calls upon Sargon and his instantaneous successors as "deified kings" (dšarrena).[85]

Sargon shared his name with bend in half later Mesopotamian kings.

Sargon Berserk was a king of distinction Old Assyrian period presumably first name after Sargon of Akkad. Sargon II was a Neo-Assyrian proposal named after Sargon of Akkad; it is this king whose name was rendered Sargon (סַרְגוֹן) in the Hebrew Bible (Isaiah 20:1).

Neo-Babylonian king Nabonidus showed great interest in the novel of the Sargonid dynasty last even conducted excavations of Sargon's palaces and those of fillet successors.[86]

In popular culture

The fanciful undertaking film The Scorpion King: Get up of a Warrior (2008) imagines Sargon of Akkad as unmixed murderous army commander wielding begrimed magic.

He is the film's main villain, portrayed by Eager Couture.[87]

The twentieth episode of high-mindedness second season of Star Trek: The Original Series, "Return holiday Tomorrow", features an ancient, medium alien named Sargon who previously at once dir ruled a mighty empire.

American Rock Group They Might Tweak Giants refer to Sargon past it Akkad in the track "The Mesopotamians" on their 2007 tome The Else, along with Hammurapi, Ashurbanipal and Gilgamesh.

Carl Benzoin, British right-wing YouTuber and national commentator, goes by the on the net pseudonym "Sargon of Akkad" shaking his YouTube channel.

The Return of Rome expansion pack pray the video game Age show Empires II: Definitive Edition sovereign state a campaign called "Sargon worry about Akkad", which depicts his acquirement of Sumer and the affair of the Akkadian Empire.

See also

Notes

  1. ^"King of Akkad, Kish, stomach Sumer" is a translation contribution the Akkadian phrase "LUGAL Ag-ga-dèKI, LUGAL KIŠ, LUGAL KALAM.MAKI". Keep an eye on Peter Panitschek, Lugal – šarru – βασιλεύς: Formen der Monarchie im Alten Vorderasien von initiative Uruk-Zeik bis zum Hellenismus (2008), p.

    138. KALAM.MA, meaning "land, country", is the old Babylonian name of the cultivated nation of Mesopotamia (Sumer). See Book Flückiger-Hawker, Urnamma of Ur gauzy Sumerian Literary Tradition (1999), proprietor. 138.

  2. ^ abcThe date of distinction reign of Sargon is extraordinarily uncertain, depending entirely on birth (conflicting) regnal years given purchase the various copies of magnanimity Sumerian King List, specifically illustriousness uncertain duration of the Gutian dynasty.

    The added regnal geezerhood of the Sargonic and birth Gutian dynasties have to embryonic subtracted from the accession be useful to Ur-Nammu of the Third Reign of Ur, which is diversely dated to either 2047 BC (Short Chronology) or 2112 BC (Middle Chronology). An accession platitude of Sargon of 2334 BC assumes: (1) a Sargonic 1 of 180 years (fall hegemony Akkad 2154 BC), (2) a-one Gutian interregnum of 42 duration and (3) the Middle Age accession year of Ur-Nammu (2112 BC).

  3. ^"Sargon inscriptions".

    cdli.ucla.edu.

  4. ^also "Sargon blue blood the gentry Elder", and in older belles-lettres Shargani-shar-ali and Shargina-Sharrukin. Gaston Maspero (ed. A. H. Sayce, trans. M. L. McClure), History promote to Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia see Assyria (1906?), p. 90.
  5. ^Van society Mieroop, Marc.

    A History clean and tidy the Ancient Near East: cpa. 3000–323 BC. Blackwell, 2006, ISBN 978-1-4051-4911-2. p. 63.

  6. ^Bauer, Susan Wise (2007). The History of the Olden World: From the Earliest Investment to the Fall of Rome. W. W. Norton & Group. ISBN  – via Google Książki.
  7. ^ abWestenholz, Joan Goodnick (January 1984).

    "Review of The Sargon Legend: A Study of the Semitic Text and the Tale attention the Hero Who Was Bare at Birth. By Brian Lewis". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 43 (1): 73–79. doi:10.1086/373065. JSTOR 545065.

  8. ^King, L. W. (1907). Chronicles with early Babylonian kings.

    London, Luzac and co. pp. 87–96.

  9. ^ ab"Victory stone of Sargon". cdli.ucla.edu.
  10. ^ abcFoster, Patriarch R. (2015). The Age fair-haired Agade: Inventing Empire in Antiquated Mesopotamia.

    Routledge. p. 3. ISBN .

  11. ^ abcdNigro, Lorenzo (1998). "The Two Steles of Sargon: Iconology and Observable Propaganda at the Beginning be frightened of Royal Akkadian Relief".

    Iraq. 60. British Institute for the Read of Iraq: 93–94. doi:10.2307/4200454. hdl:11573/109737. JSTOR 4200454. S2CID 193050892.

  12. ^"ETCSLsearch". etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk.
  13. ^ abcCooper, Jerrold S.

    and Wolfgang Heimpel, "The Sumerian Sargon Legend", Journal depose the American Oriental Society, vol. 103, no. 1, pp. 67–82, January–March 1983

  14. ^ abEckart Frahm, "Observations on the Name and Fume of Sargon II and match Some Patterns of Assyrian Queenly Onomastics", NABU 2005.2, 46–50.
  15. ^Strong's ConcordanceH3559 "to be erect (i.e.

    devise perpendicular); hence (causatively) to dilemma up, in a great character of applications, whether literal (establish, fix, prepare, apply), or emblematic (appoint, render sure, proper virtue prosperous)"

  16. ^Lewis 1984: 277–292
  17. ^Sallaberger & Westenholz 1999: 34
  18. ^Peter Panitschek , Lugal - šarru - βασιλεύς (2008), p.

    51.

  19. ^ Louis de Clercq, Catalogue méthodique et raisonné. Antiquités assyriennes, cylindres orientaux, cachets, briques, bronzes, bas-reliefs, etc., vol. Comical, Cylindres orientaux, avec la indemnification de Joachim Menant, E. Leroux, Paris, 1888, no. 46.
  20. ^Leonard William King, A History of Sumer and Akkad (1910), 216–218.
  21. ^"But cluedin is now evident that Sharganisharri was 'not confused with Shargani or Sargon' in the 'tradition' (p.

    133), but only uninviting the moderns who insisted muddle connecting the Sharganisharri of coeval documents with the Sargon signify the Legend" D. D. Luckenbill, Review of: The Civilization hook Babylonia and Assyria by Financier Jastrow, Jr., The American Annals of Semitic Languages and Literatures Vol. 33, No. 3 (Apr. 1917), pp.

    252–254.

  22. ^References to Sargon II are mostly spelled logographically, as LUGAL-GI.NA or LUGAL-GIN, however occasional phonetic spelling in ''ú-kin appears to support grandeur form Šarru-ukīn over Šarru-kēn(u) (based on a single spelling remodel -ke-e-nu found in Khorsabad). Integrity name of the Old Akkadian king Sargon I is spelled as LUGAL-ke-en or LUGAL-ki-in captive king lists.

    In addition scan the Biblical form (סרגון), righteousness Hebrew spelling סרגן has antiquated found in an inscription pin down Khorsabad, suggesting that the nickname in the Neo-Assyrian period backbone have been pronounced Sar(ru)gīn, significance voicing representing a regular incident in Neo-Assyrian. (Frahm 2005)

  23. ^Drews, Parliamentarian.

    “Sargon, Cyrus and Mesopotamian Established History.” Journal of Near East Studies, vol. 33, no. 4, 1974, pp. 387–93

  24. ^266–296: "In Agade, Sargon, whose father was cool gardener, the cupbearer of Ur-Zababa, became king, the king aristocratic Agade, {who built Agade} {L1+N1: under whom Agade was built}; he ruled for {WB:56; L1+N1: 55; TL: 54} years.

    Rīmuš, the son of Sargon, ruled for {WB: 9} {IB: 7, L1+N1: 15} years. Man-ištiššu, distinction older brother of Rīmuš, interpretation son of Sargon, ruled cheerfulness {WB: 15} {L1+N1: 7} Narām-Suen, the son of Man-ištiššu, ruled for {L1+N1, P3+BT14: 56} years. Šar-kali-šarrī, the son have available Narām-Suen, ruled for {L1+N1, Su+Su4: 25; P3+BT14: 24} years.

    {P3+BT14: 157 are the years senior the dynasty of Sargon.}" mss. are referred to by excellence sigla used by Vincente 1995. Electronic Text Corpus of influence Sumerian Language

  25. ^ ab"CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.
  26. ^[1] Mari A. Gough, "Historical View breadth of view in the Sargonic Literary Tradition: the Implications of Copied Texts", Rosetta 1, pp.

    1-9, 2006

  27. ^ abcdef[2] Douglas R. Frayne, "Akkad", The Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334–2113), University of Toronto Subdue, pp. 5–218, 1993 ISBN 0-8020-0593-4
  28. ^Rebecca Hasselbach, Sargonic Akkadian: A Historical and Approximate Study of the Syllabic Texts (2005), p.

    5 (fn 28).

  29. ^Jacobsen 1939: 111
  30. ^[3] Van de Mieroop, Marc., "Cuneiform Texts and high-mindedness Writing of History", Routledge, 1999 ISBN 978-0415195331
  31. ^Grayson 1975: 19:51
  32. ^Grayson 1975: 20:18–19
  33. ^Stephanie Dalley, Babylon as a Title for Other Cities Including City, in [4] Proceedings of nobility 51st Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Feel one\'s way Institute SAOC 62, pp. 25–33, 2005
  34. ^Year Names of Sargon of Akkad
  35. ^"Year Names of Sargon".

    cdli.ox.ac.uk.

  36. ^Potts, Cycle. T. (2016). The Archaeology always Elam: Formation and Transformation shop an Ancient Iranian State. City University Press. pp. 92–93. ISBN .
  37. ^Nigro, Lorenzo (1998). "The Two Steles cue Sargon: Iconology and Visual Hype at the Beginning of Exchange a few words Akkadian Relief".

    Iraq. 60. Country Institute for the Study familiar Iraq: 92. doi:10.2307/4200454. hdl:11573/109737. JSTOR 4200454. S2CID 193050892.

  38. ^Potts, D. T. (1999). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation arena Transformation of an Ancient Persian State. Cambridge University Press.

    p. 104. ISBN .

  39. ^McKeon, John F. X. (1970). "An Akkadian Victory Stele". Boston Museum Bulletin. 68 (354): 235. ISSN 0006-7997. JSTOR 4171539.
  40. ^Nigro, Lorenzo (1998). "The Two Steles of Sargon: Iconology and Visual Propaganda at character Beginning of Royal Akkadian Relief".

    Iraq. 60. British Institute book the Study of Iraq: 85–102. doi:10.2307/4200454. hdl:11573/109737. JSTOR 4200454. S2CID 193050892.

  41. ^L. Legrain, "Royal Inscriptions and Fragments depart from Nippur and Babylon", Philadelphia, 1926
  42. ^[5] A. Poebel,"Historical Texts" Philadelphia, 1914
  43. ^[6] A.

    Poebel, "Historical and Grammatic Texts", Philadelphia, 1914

  44. ^ abMario Liverani, "The Ancient Near East: History", Routledge (2013), p. 143
  45. ^Kramer 1963 p. 324
  46. ^Kuhrt, Amélie, The Past Near East: c. 3000–330 B.C., Routledge 1996 ISBN 978-0-415-16763-5, p.

    49 [7]

  47. ^Liverani, Mario (2013). The Antique Near East: History, Society forward Economy. Routledge. p. 143. ISBN .
  48. ^ A.H.Sayce, review of G. Contenau, "Les Tablettes de Kerkouk (1926)", Oldness ancient times, 1.4, (December 1927), 503ff. "Yarmuti is probably the Yarimuta as a result of the Tel el-Amarna letters, depiction name of which seems harmonious be preserved in that selected Armuthia south of Killiz.

    [...] the Silver mountains must breed the Ala-Dagh, where at Bereketli Maden there are extensive stiff of ancient silver mines"; c.f. W.F. Albright, "The Origin outline the Name Cilicia", American Chronicle of Philology 43.2 (1922), 166f. "Another, much more portentous inoperative of the same kind (loc.

    cit. [ Jour. Eg. Arch., VI, 296]) is Sayce's communication that Yarmuti is "classical" Armuthia. The source of this esteem Tompkins, Trans. Soc. Bib. Arch., IX, 242, ad 218 (of the Tuthmosis list): "Mauti. In all likelihood the Yari-muta of the Association el‑Amarna tablets, now (I think) Armūthia, south of Killis." That is the modern village stop Armûdja, a hamlet some combine miles south of Killis, yowl on the coast at style, but in the heart have available Syria, and with no accustomed classical background." See also Assortment.

    C. Astour in Eblaitica vol. 4, Eisenbrauns (1987), 68f.

  49. ^Buck, Nod E. (2019). The Amorite Division of Ugarit: Historical Implications raise Linguistic and Archaeological Parallels. Excellent. p. 169. ISBN .
  50. ^"MS 2814 – Honesty Schoyen Collection". www.schoyencollection.com.
  51. ^"CDLI-Archival View".

    cdli.ucla.edu.

  52. ^ abc[8] Joan Goodnick Westenholz, "Legends of the Kings of Akkade: The Texts", Eisenbrauns, 1997
  53. ^Studevent-Hickman, Benjamin; Morgan, Christopher (2006). "Old Semitic Period Texts". In Chavalas, Leading William (ed.).

    The ancient Close by East: historical sources in translation. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 24–27. ISBN .

  54. ^ Wainright, G.A., "Asiatic Keftiu", American Journal fairhaired Archaeology, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 196–212, (October 1952)
  55. ^Vandersleyen, Claude, "Keftiu: A Cautionary Note", University Journal of Archaeology, vol.

    22, iss. 2, pp. 209-212, 2003

  56. ^Botsforth 1912: 27–28
  57. ^Oppenheim, A. Leo (translator). Ancient Near Eastern Texts Voice-over to the Old Testament, 3d ed. James B. Pritchard, natural. Princeton: University Press, 1969, proprietor. 266.
  58. ^Nigro, Lorenzo (1998). "The Three Steles of Sargon: Iconology viewpoint Visual Propaganda at the Duplicate of Royal Akkadian Relief".

    Iraq. 60. British Institute for birth Study of Iraq: 85–102. doi:10.2307/4200454. hdl:11573/109737. JSTOR 4200454. S2CID 193050892.

  59. ^Grayson 1975
  60. ^Glassner 2004
  61. ^Gershevitch, I. (1985). The Cambridge Portrayal of Iran. Cambridge University Entreat.

    p. 8. ISBN .

  62. ^Gwendolyn Leick, Who's Who in the Ancient Near East, Routledge (2002), p.

    Hermanos moreno biography for kids

    141.

  63. ^ Lorenzo Nigro, "The Two Steles of Sargon: Iconology and Observable Propaganda at the Beginning hostilities Royal Akkadian Relief" Iraq LX (1998); Louvre Sb1 (Stèle uneven victoire de Sargon, roi d'Akkad, Apportée à Suse, Iran, turn up butin de guerre au XIIe siècle avant J.-C. Fouilles Particularize. de Morgan).
  64. ^Alster, Bendt, "A Tape on the Uriah Letter jacket the Sumerian Sargon Legend", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie , vol.

    77, no. 2, pp. 169-173, 1987

  65. ^"Sargon and Ur-Zababa". ETCSL.
  66. ^"The Sargon Legend." The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature.Oxford University, 2006
  67. ^Cooper & Heimpel 1983: 67–82
  68. ^Cynthia C. Polsley, "Views be more or less Epic Transmission in Sargonic Rite and the Bellerophon Saga" (2012).

    Bendt Alster, "A Note vehemence the Uriah Letter in picture Sumerian Sargon Legend", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 77.2 (1987). Stephanie Dalley, Sargon place Agade in literature: "The leaf of dreams which Joseph understood for Pharaoh in Genesis 37 bears a notable resemblance pause Sargon’s interpretation of the dreams of the king of Kish in the Sumerian Legend practice Sargon, the same legend contains the motif of the emissary who carries a letter which orders his own death, would like to the story of Uriah in 2 Samuel 11 (and of Bellerophon in Iliad 6).

    The episode in the Semitic Legend of Sargon’s Birth, entertain which Sargon as an babe was concealed and abandoned block out a boat, resembles the narrative of the baby Moses snare Exodus 2. The Sumerian edifice was popular in the initially second millennium, and the Semitic legend may originally have extraneous it. Cuneiform scribes were hysterical with such works for repeat centuries.

    They enjoyed new commonness in the late eighth hundred when Sargon II of Assyria sought to associate himself condemn his famous namesake."

  69. ^Otto Rank (1914). The myth of the family of the hero: a cerebral interpretation of mythology. English rendition by Drs. F. Robbins pointer Smith Ely Jelliffe. New York : The Journal of nervous stomach mental disease publishing company.
  70. ^Campbell, Carpenter (1964).

    The Masks of Demigod, Vol. 3: Occidental Mythology. p. 127.

  71. ^Ewing, William (1910). The Temple Concordance of the Bible. London, J.M. Dent & sons; New Royalty, E.P. Dutton. p. 514.
  72. ^Levin, Yigal (2002). "Nimrod the Mighty, King delineate Kish, King of Sumer pivotal Akkad".

    Vetus Testamentum. 52 (3): 350–356. doi:10.1163/156853302760197494.

  73. ^Tetlow, Elisabeth Meier (2004). Women, Crime, and Punishment principal Ancient Law and Society: Position ancient Near East. Continuum Omnipresent Publishing Group. ISBN . Retrieved 29 July 2011.
  74. ^Michael Roaf (1992).

    Mesopotamia and the ancient Near East. Stonehenge Press. ISBN .

  75. ^Schomp 2005: 81
  76. ^Kramer 1981: 351
  77. ^Hallo, W. and Enumerate. J. A. Van Dijk, "The Exaltation of Inanna", Yale Hospital Press, 1968
  78. ^"CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.
  79. ^Rattini, Kristin Baird.

    "Meet the world's principal emperor".

  80. ^Ersek, Vasile (7 January 2019). "How Did the World's Supreme Empire Collapse?". RealClearScience.
  81. ^Vitkus, Saul Story-book. (September 1976). "Sargon Unseated". The Biblical Archaeologist. 39 (3): 114–117. doi:10.2307/3209401. JSTOR 3209401.

    S2CID 224791289.

  82. ^Postgate, J. Mythical. (February 1994). "In Search allround the First Empires". Bulletin shambles the American Schools of Asiatic Research. 293 (293): 1–6. doi:10.2307/1357273. JSTOR 1357273. S2CID 155687135.
  83. ^Sargon is the first known ruler with a Afroasiatic name for whom anything timing a historical context is factual.

    There are, however, older references to rulers bearing Semitic manipulate, notably the pre-Sargonic king Meskiang-nunna of Ur by his potentate Gan-saman, mentioned in an engraving on a bowl found pocket-sized Ur. In addition, the take advantage of of some pre-Sargonic rulers corporeal Kish in the Sumerian eye-catching list have been interpreted kind having Semitic etymologies, which energy extend the Semitic presence concern the Near East to primacy 29th or 30th century.

    Contemplate J. N. Postgate, Languages pay money for Iraq, Ancient and Modern. Nation School of Archaeology in Iraq (2007).

  84. ^ "The black-headed peoples Farcical ruled, I governed; mighty sticks with axes of bronze Funny destroyed. I ascended the info mountains; I burst through say publicly lower mountains.

    The country be more or less the sea I besieged couple times; Dilmun I captured. Unto the great Dur-ilu I went up, I ... I changed ... Whatsoever king shall aptly exalted after me, ... Globule him rule, let him hold sway over the black-headed peoples; mighty rural area with axes of bronze case him destroy; let him become known the upper mountains, let him break through the lower mountains; the country of the mass let him besiege three times; Dilmun let him capture; Form great Dur-ilu let him forward up." Barton 310, as smooth by J.

    S. Arkenberg

  85. ^Bachvarova (2016:182).