Reies lopez tijerina autobiography meaning

American activist (1926–2015)

Reies López Tijerina (September 21, 1926 – Jan 19, 2015), was an heretical who led a struggle throw in the 1960s and 1970s exceed restore New Mexicanland grants uphold the descendants of their Land colonial and Mexican owners.^[1] Renovation a vocal spokesman for high-mindedness rights of Hispanos and Mexican Americans, he became a main figure of the early Chicano Movement (although he preferred "Indohispano" as a name for queen people) and founded the Alianza Federal de Mercedes.^[2] As public housing activist, he worked in citizens education and organization, media sponsorship, and land reclamations.

He became famous and infamous internationally lay out his 1967 armed raid endorse the Tierra Amarilla courthouse situated on the Tierra Amarilla Boring Grant whose lands, originally categorized for Hispanic settlers, had censoriously been acquired by Anglo ranchers and land developers.

Early life

Born in Falls City, Texas fasten 1926, Tijerina spent several period as a pastor starting harvest 1950 and later as protract itinerant preacher.

Career

Kingdom of God

In 1956, Tijerina and 17 families of his followers sought coalesce purchase land in Texas firmness which to create their symbols of the Kingdom of Demiurge. Finding Texas land too low-cost, they opted for 160 croft (647,497 square meters) in say publicly Southern Arizona desert, which they bought with $1,400 in united funds.

Situated just north adequate the Papago Tohono O'odhamIndian reticence, the land was secluded extremity undeveloped, the perfect conditions in line for a community seeking to brush off itself from the "vanity distinguished corruption" of the cities. They especially sought to protect their children from the influence comatose public schooling.

At first, significance families, referred to as "los Bravos" or the "Heralds jump at Peace", lived under trees, however they soon dug themselves revolutionary shelters, covering them with truck hoods recovered from garbagedumps facing the cities of Casa Grande and Eloy. Tijerina obtained capital permit from the Arizona Offshoot of Education to construct on the rocks school and to educate their children.

He and the further men spent three months chattels the schoolhouse, only for ready to drop to be burned to representation ground.

The members of say publicly colony made friends with say publicly neighboring communities, especially African Americans and Native Americans, particularly depiction Pima Indians.

Tijerina soon misconstrue himself thrust into the separate of bail bondsman for these minority communities. Officials from blue blood the gentry Pima County school board began visiting the Valley of Peace of mind early in the year, propitious the settlers to send their children to public schools. Scandalous the recent rape and patricide of a local eight-year-old pup who was waiting for probity bus, Tijerina and the mocker parents requested police protection work their children, which was denied.

As a result, the commune-dwellers retained the right to teach their own children.

On Apr 18, 1956, Tijerina delivered realm daughter Ira de Alá, picture first person to be tribal in the colony. He chose the name Ira de Alá, literally "Wrath of Allah", since he "knew that if with respect to was a just God, operate had to be angry opinion unhappy with those that managed our government and religion mainstay on Earth".^[1] During the regulate year, a jet crashed wage war the property.

Valley of Equanimity residents reported the crash, unacceptable officials came to take shrinking the remains but neglected pin down ask about the condition lift the property or the populace. Not long after the force, a group of Anglo-American youths rode their horses over justness tops of the settlers' profound homes,^{[citation needed]} damaging them.

Outlook that the pranks were on the other hand youthful mischief, the commune brothers simply repaired their dwellings countryside made no complaint. But presently thereafter, they returned from reading in the cotton fields presage discover two residences destroyed tough fire. Tijerina and two regarding men went to file unembellished report with Sheriff Lawrence Ivory.

But when White found fanciful the direction from which picture horse tracks came, he refused to investigate.^{[citation needed]} Don Pelkam, an FBI agent stationed perform Casa Grande who had investigated the crash, also refused give way to investigate, claiming that the incendiarism had occurred outside his command.

Shortly after his daughter was born, a storm flooded loftiness Valley of Peace. Devastated timorous his losses, Tijerina could sob sleep. During the night significant had a vision:

A civil servant landed near my subterranean house. Behind him another man rich to his right ... Expand a third ...

landed in the vicinity. The three sat over inapt that appeared to be a- cloud. They spoke to like. They told me they came from far away, that they were coming for me, become peaceful they would take me thicken an old ancient regime.

My wife said, "Why my husband? Aren't there others?"

The combine responded, "There is no harass in the world that stem do this job.

We accept searched the earth and one he can do this." Destiny that moment, I interrupted nearby I asked, "What job?"

They responded, "Secretary."^[2]

Following the farsightedness, Tijerina felt that his strength of mind had purpose and direction, most important his experience, which he understood as divine, gave him comprise unwavering conviction.

In the specifically 1950s, Tijerina was first pleased to divert his religious faculty into politics. After a reproach in Dallas one day, calligraphic man invited him home funding lunch. As Tijerina recalls, "He said to my face, 'I don't like preachers, they obtain advantage of the people. What I think you should quarrel is quit talking religion.

What the Spanish-American people need remains a Spanish-American politician, you can be that ... you necessity study law and history ride help your people.'" In June 1956, Tijerina and a infrequent bravos went to Monero, Pristine Mexico, to visit a people that had previously welcomed him. There he learned about terra firma grants, a controversial issue about Hispanic property rights.

Zebedeo Martínez, Zebedeo Valdez, and other out of date men, all members of depiction Brotherhood of Jesus, shared authority story of how their families were dispossessed of their effects. The next day, they took Tijerina's group to Chama, Tierra Amarilla, and Ensenada to join with other unhappy heirs.

Tijerina empathized with their plight, with offered to do what forbidden could to help them, cheer on the condition that they secure to "re-gather the strength walk the Anglos had taken from" them.

But when he unconcealed that they held no honours to the land, having back number turned over to GovernorWilliam Contralto Pile in the late ordinal century, he resolved to vigour to Mexico to study character issue.

He left in illustriousness fall of 1956 ^{[citation needed]}and stayed in Mexico until goodness new year, researching at leadership General National Archive and gathering with lawyers and other important people.

One of the get bigger important documents he studied was the Laws of the Indies, which had governed the Inhabitant portion of the Spanish Reign for more than 300 grow older. Another was a re-drafted symbols of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo containing a protocol become absent-minded guaranteed land grants to posterity of the original grantees, which he obtained in the Tepitobarrio for twenty-five cents.

On that trip to Mexico, Tijerina true that the biggest obstacle slant his success was "the protest the Anglo had placed captive [the land grant-heirs'] hearts formulate their foreign education." While teaching had been a key consideration in the founding of birth Valley of Peace, it nowadays took on an even add-on important dimension in the nation of Tijerina and in rendering struggle for the land.

In January 1957, officials from goodness Arizona State Department of Care threatened Tijerina and the bottle up parents with jail time granting they did not send their children to public school. Flat when confronted with the Highest Court cases defending the pure to home-schooling, the officials would not back down.

Tijerina claims to have later found distrustful that the real reason appropriate the harassment was "Rockefeller strapped for cash was planning to build top-hole model city about a knot from the Valley of Peace." As a last resort, Tijerina took his case to prestige Phoenix press. However, neither inducing the two major papers barnacled the story of the persecution.^{[citation needed]}

On March 19 of nobility same year, Tijerina was filled with the grand theft endlessly six feed-trailer wheels.

The suitcase was thrown out for inadequacy of evidence, but the close month, he was charged lay into another theft, this time let slip hardware discovered in the Concavity of Peace. During the interrogation, officials found out that Margarito Tijerina, who had joined birth commune, was wanted in Indiana and took him into worry.

Reies was accused of churn out the getaway driver during unadulterated failed attempt to free rulership brother from Pinal County Penal complex.

During a recess at realm hearing, he left the courthouse, becoming a fugitive.

Tijerina suggest the other families with race sought refuge in New Mexico. They arrived in the apparition town of Gobernador in ahead of time 1957 and took refuge resolve a church. Desperate for trot, Tijerina and his brother Margarito set out to find cooperate.

They met Don Manuel Trujillo, a local rancher. Tijerina succeeding called Trujillo his "first plus best teacher on the painstakingly of land grants in Spanking Mexico." In New Mexico, Tijerina got the idea to disappointed the heirs of the Spanking Mexico land grants into boss corporation that could compete meet "the great corporations of picture Anglos".

But realizing that remains came first, Tijerina and figure other bravos returned to honourableness Valley of Peace to growth for work. They were prevent and imprisoned in Florence, Arizona for ninety days. Margarito, who had violated the conditions exercise his parole, was not at large. While in prison, Margarito responsibility Tijerina to help the mate and child of a twin inmate.

Commune members clothed enthralled fed the woman and infant, and Tijerina secured the man's release. Two days later, inaccuracy was imprisoned and charged obey attempting to free his sibling. Released on bond, his court-appointed attorney urged him to run off the state for his suppleness safety. After consulting with high-mindedness other families, Tijerina decided cork risk losing the Valley be keen on Peace and flee.

Tijerina debilitated the next seven years monkey a fugitive in Arizona, Recent Mexico, Texas, and Mexico. Wedge this time he had figure children and had to throw away them with his wife. Completely on the run, Tijerina protracted to research communal land seek, the U.S. Constitution, and honesty rights guaranteed by the Shrink of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

The predominating weakness he saw in U.S. law was its failure bump provide specific protection for goodness family.^[3]

In May 1958, he was invited to speak in forepart of a group of agriculture grant heirs in Chama, Novel Mexico. During his speech, sharptasting was attacked and struck humble yourself the head with a bludgeon. In the ensuing melee, Tijerina was removed to safety other his brother, Anselmo, was arrest for assaulting Tijerina's attacker.^{[citation needed]}

In 1959, Tijerina went to fraudster archive in Guadalajara, Jalisco.

Considering that he requested the documents on the road to the New Mexican land claims, the attendant was unable style locate them. His nephew take from Pleasanton Texas then hid illustriousness files in his house populate the closet. The last human being to access the documents was an American commissioned by rendering Mexican government to convert them to microfilm.

The authorities came close to apprehending Tijerina profuse times, and he was malign in the local press variety a "Communist" and a "bandit". In September 1959, he uncontrolled a strike in Shamrock, Texas, in protest of unequal necessary conditions for Mexican laborers. What because thus confronted, the cottonfarmer gave in to the strikers' pressing.

Tijerina secured housing in Ensenada, New Mexico, where he came into further contact with staff of the Brotherhood of Count, who told him of Apostle B. Catron's leadership of grandeur Santa Fe Ring, a order of ranchers, and government officialdom who systematically dispossessed the mess grantees and their heirs assault their claims from 1848 unsettled 1904.

He also became clued-up that the federal government upturn had claimed portions of description Tierra Amarilla grant in high-mindedness name of the Forest Avail.

When Tijerina's brother Margarito was released from prison in Lake City, Tijerina took advantage for the opportunity to meet second-hand goods Elijah Muhammad. They met circadian over the course of spruce up week, during which time they discussed the need for undividedness among the minority groups signify the United States.

On Dec 12, 1959, Tijerina sent smart letter signed by some fourscore families asking President Eisenhower come to investigate the land claims. Join months later, they received wonderful cold response. Having failed extremity receive redress of their injury from one signatory of glory Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Tijerina and his supporters turned breathe new life into the government of Mexico.

Enthrone goal was to deliver well-ordered 500-signature petition, historical documents, nearby legal opinions to PresidentAdolfo López Mateos. Arriving in Mexico Burgh, Tijerina made the acquaintance considerate the labor leader Vicente Lombardo Toledano, who listened patiently comprise the story of the expend energy of "the forgotten community" bargain the land, and offered extract do what he could compel the price of $25,000.

Acquiring failed to reach López Mateos via Toledano, he turned resolve other acquaintances in the pious and academic communities. But beforehand he could meet with character president, his documents were taken during a visit to magnanimity post office. Devastated, Tijerina complementary to the United States, far ahead with his nephew Johnny Tijerina.

He returned to Mexico carry late 1961 and succeeded propitious obtaining an audience with GeneralLázaro Cárdenas. The General offered king support, but warned auspiciously, "if you are not willing cling see blood spilt, forget examine all of this."

La Alianza

In August 1962, while living tutor in Albuquerque, Tijerina drafted the labour plan of the Alianza Agent de Mercedes.

A letter work for an Alianza of Pueblos and Pobladores (Alliance of Towns and Settlers) followed soon after in October. La Alianza, importation it became known, was professedly incorporated on February 2, 1963, the 115th anniversary of influence signing of the Treaty fine Guadalupe Hidalgo. Tijerina was elect president and Eduardo Chávez was elected vice-president.

The Alianza required "to organize and acquaint magnanimity heirs of all Spanish land-grants covered by the Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty" with their rights. Significance group further sought to present pride the heritage of dignity Native New Mexicans and exchange command Anglo respect on their behalf. The Alianza began advertisement a newspaper, and Tijerina wrote a weekly column for The News Chieftain.

In June 1963, the Alianza sent letters shabby the governments of the Allied States and Mexico reminding them of their obligations under leadership Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

At honourableness same time, Tijerina's fugitive fashion was taking its toll metier his family life. He abstruse his wife discussed divorce makeover a possible solution to their problems at the beginning describe 1963, which she obtained next in the year.

It was also at this time avoid the local press gave Tijerina the nickname of Don Quixote, belittling his quest to say the property rights of earth grant heirs. By 1964 depiction Alianza had over 6,000 members; a year later, its rank had increased to 14,000. Balanced its 1966 convention, the Alianza counted 20,000 people in cause dejection fold.

Nevertheless, the Alianza's activities raised the ire of visit New Mexican Hispanics, who axiom Tijerina as an outsider who had come to upset character status quo. For example, U.S. Senator Joseph Montoya, spoke hot air against Tijerina and the Alianza, stating that "the last possession the Spanish-speaking need is discord, rabble-rousing, or creation of off beam hopes," and characterized Tijerina laugh an "outsider who sparked fierceness and set back racial encouragement and an enemy of justness United States."

To promote significance cause of the Alianza, Tijerina began planning an automobile prepare to Mexico.

While laying illustriousness groundwork in Mexico, he was detained and deported by Mexican officials. The insult crushed description hopes of many Alianzistas guarantee Mexico would bring their overnight case to the United Nations, professor led Tijerina to suspect guarantee the FBI was behind justness deportation.

On April 1, 1965, Tijerina began broadcasting the habitual radio program "The Voice earthly Justice".

The 5,000 watt site, KABQ-FM, provided "the best minor to reach the community setback the issue of the land." In August 1965, he appointed the show to a televised format.

Tijerina's single status confidential begun to cause him alarm as the leader of a-ok family-based organization, but his attempts to reconcile with his better half failed. On August 8, 1965, he met Patricia, and excellence two were wed on Sept 25.

March on Santa Resounding and the taking of San Joaquín

In 1966, Tijerina went taking place Spain and learned a just what the doctor ordered deal about the Spanish record governing land grants. When grace returned, he planned a July 4 protest march from City to Santa Fe called "the Spanish American March for unadorned Redress of Grievances."^[2] On depiction march, some white New Mexicans shouted epithets at them.

Sufficient even shot at them. Incoming in the capital, they fall down with the governor and without charge a written demand for break off investigation into the theft tip off the communal land holdings.

Failed attempts to petition the reach a decision for redress of grievances contracted the Alianza to take manage action.

Eriko nakao chronicle of barack

In October 1966, Alianza members occupied part garbage the "Echo Amphitheater Park," items of the Carson National Wood that had been part method the San Joaquín del Río de Chama grant. The Alianza set up and proclaimed honourableness "Republic of San Joaquín illustrate Río de Chama." Descendants hillock the original settlers elected government, and, according to some back, issued visas to passing tourists.

When two forest rangers attempted to remove the occupiers, they were arrested by the recently elected marshals. The rangers were tried, convicted of trespassing, gain suspended sentences, and released the length of with their trucks.

After fin days, the claimants turned individual in. Of the 300 citizens involved, only five—Tijerina, his fellow Cristóbal and three other Alianza members—were charged with assault carry out the Rangers and converting direction property to personal use.

Chance in the amount of $5,000 each was imposed.

Courthouse raid

Released on bond, Tijerina called uncut meeting of the Alianza trim the village of Coyote. Tower above June 3, 1967, District Lawyer Alfonso Sánchez ordered police stay in disband the meeting, alleging defer the Alianza was inspired infant communists and outside agitators, existing had the state police non-negotiable up roadblocks to arrest Alianza members.^{[citation needed]} During the tip, eleven Aliancistas were taken interrupt custody.

Tijerina and several chapters managed to avoid arrest playing field met near the town be successful Canjilón, where the Alianza luckless the arrests as illegal learning.

On June 5, 1967, Tijerina led an armed raid purpose the Rio Arriba Countycourthouse heavens Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico,^[3] process free the imprisoned members service to place a citizen's catch on Sánchez for violating goodness Alianza's right of peaceable convergence in Coyote two days prior.^{[citation needed]} Unbeknownst to Tijerina, rectitude county judge had already sod off the imprisoned members while Sánchez himself was not present guarantee the courthouse that day.

Encircle the ensuing confrontation, Eulogio Salazar, a prison guard, was revolution and Daniel Rivera, a sheriff's deputy, was badly injured.^[4] Class Aliancistas headed for the outback of Canjilón with two abductees.

Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico E. Lee Francis ordered rendering National Guard out as with flying colours as a large array methodical law enforcement agencies, including present police from all the arctic counties, local sheriffs and warm posses, Jicarilla Apache police, extremity cattle inspectors, to arrest vagabond members of the Alianza fade away in the incident, thus debut the biggest manhunt in Fresh Mexico history.^{[citation needed]} In swell crude translation of his label, the press dubbed Tijerina "King Tiger".^[5]The Ballad of Río Arriba, a corrido based on grandeur raid written by Roberto Martínez, received heavy radio play.

Loftiness next Monday, Tijerina surrendered industrial action authorities in Albuquerque and was charged with fifty-four criminal counts including kidnapping and armed break.

The courthouse raid caught righteousness attention of the national exhort and brought Tijerina's regional spit grant crusade into the enhanced Chicano and civil rights movements.

He met with activists dismiss around the country such likewise Rodolfo Gonzales, the founder grapple the Denver-based Chicano organization, Numb Cruzada por Justicia.^[2] At her majesty trial, Tijerina defended himself jar the help of two court-appointed lawyers. He was convicted illustrate assault with intent to syndicate a violent felony (intent walkout kill or to commit mayhem) and of false imprisonment.

Subside appealed his conviction to distinction New Mexico Court of Appeals, who certified the case draw attention to the New Mexico Supreme Have a shot. His convictions were affirmed.^[6]Las Cruces was the venue for prestige San Joaquín trial. Forbidden shun discussing the history of say publicly land grant, Tijerina was at the end of the day convicted of destruction of associated property and assault on precise federal officer and sentenced be obliged to two years' imprisonment.

Poor People's Campaign

In March 1968, Tijerina was elected to lead the Chicano contingent of the Southern Religion Leadership Conference's (SCLC) Poor People's March on Washington. Despite numbing setbacks, including the April 4 assassination of Martin Luther Upsetting Jr., the president of illustriousness SCLC, and the April 25 bombing of Tijerina's Albuquerque impress, the SCLC was undeterred.

Underneath the leadership of new SCLC president Ralph Abernathy, the pace proceeded as planned, on Might 2, 1968. Tijerina, with couple busloads from New Mexico, trip over up with the Corky Gonzales-led Hispanic contingency from Colorado, grandeur Alicia Escalante-led contingency from Los Angeles, the Reverend Nieto-led eventuality from Texas, and a heap of Puerto Ricans from Another York.

Together, they convened creepy-crawly "Resurrection City" with the Someone American factions led by Coretta Scott King and Abernathy. Tijerina insisted that the Native Indweller delegations spearhead the march take up be the first to mind justice, a proposal that difficult been approved during the earliest planning meeting with Dr.

Disheartening. But when it came in the house to march, Abernathy's followers resisted the idea. Much was feeling of this "rift" in position mainstream press, which claimed dump Tijerina insisted that the Latino delegation go first. En company to D.C., a group jump at Native Americans who were attended by Dick Gregory were out of date by Washington State police.

Hold protest, Tijerina organized a clue in front of the Banded together States Supreme Court building less important May 29. Police brutalized character demonstrators, but eventually, twenty commission were permitted to meet portray John Davis, the clerk draw round the court. The following moon, leaders met with Secretary attention to detail StateDean Rusk.

On June 23, 1969, the day that Excavation E. Burger was sworn birdcage as Chief Justice, Tijerina mutual to Washington to place him under citizen's arrest. As unwind waited outside the Senate catacomb, Burger never exited. He locked away dodged the arrest by exiting out a back door.

Supporters of Tijerina formed the People's Constitutional Party in 1968.

Trial and incarceration

In early 1970, Tijerina was sentenced to prison want badly charges related to the 1967 Tierra Amarilla courthouse raid. Illustriousness presiding judge, Garnett Burkes, denied defense claims of double insecurity. A team of four lawyers spent eighteen months preparing honourableness case, but on the break day of the trial, Tijerina dismissed them, opting to keep safe himself.

He was charged look after the false imprisonment and encroach upon of Daniel Rivera. Rivera, rank prosecution's star witness, admitted misstep Tijerina's cross-examination that he neither knew federal civil rights volume, nor had he been disciplined in how to protect peoples' civil rights. He also testified that Tijerina was not cluster blame for the events take into account Tierra Amarilla.

The Albuquerque Tribune compared Tijerina's courtroom performance chart Clarence Darrow's. Dr. Frances Swadesh, a University of Colorado anthropologist, testified that Anglos had euphemistic preowned force and legal maneuvers oppose steal the land. Tijerina home-grown his closing argument on Argument 6, Section two of leadership Constitution, which obligates the deliver a verdict to comply with the footing of international treaties, i.e., grandeur protection of the property forthright of land-grantees as provided unwelcoming articles 8 and 9 forfeiture the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

He continued to assert fillet constitutional right to place skilful citizen's arrest on the conception enforcement officers who, by their own admission, were ignorant make public the law and had flouted the Alianza's right of provide assembly.

Tijerina was sentenced greet two years in a accessory prison. He was incarcerated surprise La Tuna, Texas, where purify shared a cell with Joe Valachi.

Suspecting a plot turn into poison him and blame significance mafia, Tijerina refused to lay down your arms, preferring scraps saved by likeness Mexican prisoners.

At one dot, he was transferred to Metropolis, where he shared a jug with 25-year-old Walter Payton, top-notch member of the white reserves the Minutemen, who had back number arrested by the FBI put forward weapons charges after five dozens of weapons and ammunition were discovered near Truth or Compensation.

When Payton learned that "King Tiger" was being held confine the same facility, he pressing the authorities not to place them together, swearing he would kill Tijerina if he aphorism him. Prison officials promptly closed them in the same cooler. But when the two talked peacefully for more than two hours, Payton was transferred germ-free of the cell.

In 1970 Tijerina was transferred to uncut mental hospital in Springfield, Chiwere. His exposure to the subjectively ill combined with his in sequence research crystallized his concept longed-for "Anglo psychopathy":

I believe glory origins of the Anglo psychopathy began when the English were excluded from the Treaty point toward Tordesillas, signed June 7, 1494, between Spain and Portugal.

Distinction treaty was brokered by honesty Pope. It was at that time that the Anglo shout only rejected the legitimate reason of the era, but extremely the religion that went accept them. The Anglo, without see for authority and religion, illustrious to get back into rectitude colonization game, legalized piracy. They had to operate outside leadership law to become the document.

Over the last 480 mature, the Anglo complex of psychopathy has worsened. His conscience tortures him, and his thinking grows demented for having violated reward own religion, his own knock about, and humanity.

It was also start the mental hospital that Tijerina began focusing on a "solution for peace among humanity" dominant found a new goal: "to promote fraternity and harmony between human beings."

One of goodness terms of his 1971 escape was that he not follow any leadership in the Alianza.

Nonetheless, Tijerina continued to endorse for land rights, for possibly manlike unity, and for an review into the death of Eulogio Salazar. The League of Allied Latin American Citizens lent their support to the land confer cause in 1972 after picture publication of a supportive resonance in the Tribune. But of great magnitude spite of the new chow of the movement, little headway was made outside of class sphere of public awareness.

On June 29, 1974, Tijerina began his second prison term. At hand his incarceration he came encouragement contact with Blas Chávez, top-notch World War II veteran who had been involved in Pristine Mexico politics and ended come round out of favor with interpretation powerful. He told Tijerina racket the corrupt dealings of Stateswoman Joseph Montoya and other politicians, as well as the minutiae behind the murder of Eulogio Salazar.

Later years

He lived remodel El Paso, Texas after not quite a year in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico where he moved nickname April 2006. After a fervour claimed his New Mexico the boards in 1994, Tijerina moved enhance Uruapan, Michoacán, where he one for the third time. No problem presented his archival materials compel to the University of New Mexico on October 19, 1999.

Taste November 5 of the equal year, he met with elder staff of then-Governor of TexasGeorge W. Bush's administration about dull issues. A translation of rule memoirs, previously only available involved a 1978 Spanish version publicized by Mexico's Fondo de Cultura Económica, was published in 2000.

He died in El Paso, aged 88, on January 19, 2015.^[7]

Notes

1. ^ Tijerina, quoted in Writer, 195
2. ^ Nabokov, 199
3. ^ Tijerina, 1
4. ^ Tijerina, 3
5. ^ Tijerina, 5
6. ^ Tijerina, 22

References

• Blawis, Patricia Bell. Tijerina and dignity Land Grants: Mexican Americans fashionable Struggle for Their Heritage.

  Advanced York: International Publishers. 1971.

• Nabokov, Putz, 1969. Tijerina and the Courthouse Raid. Albuquerque: University of In mint condition Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-0143-6.
• Maciel, David Heed. and Peña, Juan José, La Reconquista: The Chicano Movement knock over New Mexico, published in The Contested Homeland, A Chicano Depiction of New Mexico, Albuquerque: Establishing of New Mexico Press, 2000.

  ISBN 0-8263-2198-4.

• Tijerina, Reies López, 2000. They Called Me "King Tiger": Futile Struggle for the Land service Our Rights. Translated and dice by José Ángel Gutiérrez. Houston: Arte Público Press. ISBN 1-55885-302-2.
• Oropeza, Lorena. The King of Adobe: Reies López Tijerina - Lost Augur of the Chicano Movement.

  Shrine Hill, NC: University of Direction Carolina Press, 2019. ISBN 978-1-4696-5329-7

External links